新托福阅读真经5.docx
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新托福阅读真经5.docx
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新托福阅读真经5
PassageⅠ
AgriculturalSocietyinEighteenth-CenturyBritishAmerica
P1:
Throughoutthecolonialperiod,mostNortherners,especiallyNewEnglanders,
dependedonthelandforalivelihood,althoughalivinghadliterallytobewrestedfromtheearth.Communitylandswereusedforgrazingandlogging(peoplecouldpetitionthetownfortherighttocutwood).Agriculturewasthepredominantoccupation,andwhatindustrialandcommercialactivitytherewasrevolvedalmostentirelyaroundmaterialsextractedfromtheland,theforests,andtheocean.
P2:
Attheendoftheeighteenthcentury,approximately90percentofallAmericansearnedamajorportionoftheirlivingbyfarming.Generally,highratiosoflandandothernaturalresourcestolaborgeneratedexceptionallyhighlevelsofoutputperworkerinthecolonies.LocatedbetweenthePotomacandtheHudsonrivers,theMiddleColonieswere,onthewhole,fertileandreadilytillable,andthereforeenjoyedacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofgrainsandotherfoodstuffs.MostproductionintheNewWorldwasforthecolonists’ownconsumption,butsizableproportionsofcolonialgoodsandserviceswereproducedforcommercialexchange.Intime,NewEnglandcolonistshadtappedintoasprawlingAtlantictradenetworkthatconnectedthemtotheEnglishhomelandaswellastheWestAfricanSlaveCoast,theCaribbean'splantationislands,andtheIberianPeninsula.
1.Paragraph1mentionsallofthefollowingaseconomicactivitiesthatNewEnglanderspracticedEXCEPT
(
Agrowingcrops
Braisinganimals
Ctradinggoods
Dcuttingtimber
2.Paragraph1andPassage2supportallofthefollowingstatementsabouttheeconomiesincolonialperiodEXCEPT
AThenortherncoloniesengagedininternationaltrade.
BThemiddlecolonieshadagriculturaladvantagesthenortherncoloniesdidnot.
CThenortherncolonistsearnedtheirlivingbyfarming
DThemiddlecolonieswerelessprosperousthanthenortherncolonies.
…
3.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatcanbeinferredaboutNewEnglandersattheendoftheeighteenthcentury
ATheywantedtoconnectwiththeirhomeland.
BTheypreparedproductsforinternationaltrade.
CTheycouldnotbeself-sufficientongrains.
DTheyproducedmostofthegoodsintheNewWorld.
4.Theword“sizable”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
Amixed
Benormous
'
Cgrowing
Dconstant
P3:
IntheNorth,landwasseeminglylimitlessinextentandthereforenothighlypriced,andalmosteverycolonistwantedtobealandholder.ThewidespreadownershipoflanddistinguishedfarmingsocietyinColonialAmericafromeveryotheragriculturalregionoftheWesternworld.Equalaccesstolandownershipinthisearlyperiodmadeitpossibleformostmenotherthanindenturedservantstopurchaseorinheritafarmofatleast50acres.TheNorthwasdevelopedasarigidlyhierarchicalsocietyinwhichstatuswasdeterminedbyoratleaststronglycorrelatedwiththeextenttowhichoneowned,controlled,orlaboredonland.
5.Accordingtoparagraph3inwhatwaydidfarmingsocietyinthenortherncoloniesdifferfromfarmingsocietiesintherestoftheWesternworld
AThedifferencesbetweensocialclassesweremuchgreater.
BPeoplelivedmuchclosertogether.
CTheproportionoflandownerswasmuchhigher.
DManymorefamilieshadservants.
:
P4:
Theeighteenthcenturywitnessedasharpriseinpopulation,whichleftmanyfacedwiththeharshrealityofanincreasinglylimitedsupplyofland;thiswasespeciallytrueinNewEngland,wherefarmsinheritedfrompriorgenerationscouldnotbedividedandsubdividedindefinitely.AnexampleofthisprincipleinactionwasthelifeofEdwardRichardsinDedham,Massachusetts,aproprietorofthetown,whohadsignificantcivicresponsibilities,includingroad-building,militiaduty,andfence-viewing,andwhoreceivedparcelsoflandinreturnforhisinvestmentandwork.By1653,heownedover55acresandrankedtwelfthof78propertyownersintermsofthesizeofhisholdings.Eventually,theRichardsfamilycontrolledseveralhundredacresofland,enoughforNathanielRichards,Edward’sson,togive80-acrefarmstotwosonswhileathirdretainedthecentralfarmafterhisdeath.Inthisway,theaveragefarmwouldshrinkbytwothirdsinacentury.
6.Theword“indefinitely”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
Afairly
Bsafely
Cmorethanonce
Dwithoutlimit
7.Whydoesauthorincludeadiscussionof“EdwardRichardsinDedham,Massachusetts”
ATogiveanexampleofthetypeofinheritancefarmownersgenerallyprovidedfortheirsons.
#
BTohelpexplainwhythefarmsstartedbythefoundersaveragedatleast250acres.
CToindicatethatNewEnglandfarmswerealwaysinheritedbytheoldestsonsfromtheirfathers.
DTohelpillustratehowlimitedtheoveralllandsupplywasinNewEngland.
P5:
ThedecreasingfertilityofthesoilcompoundedtheproblemofdwindlingfarmsizeinNewEngland.Whenlandhadbeenplentiful,farmershadplantedcropsinthesamefieldforthreeyearsandthenletitliefallowinpasturesevenyearsormoreuntilitregaineditsfertility.Onthesmallerfarmsoftheeighteenthcentury,however,farmersreducedfallowtimetoonlyayearortwo.Suchintenseuseofthesoilreducedcropyields,forcingfarmerstoplowmarginallandorshifttolivestockproduction.
8.Theword“compounded”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
Aaddedto
Bresultedfrom
Cledto
|
Doccurredbefore
9.Accordingtoparagraph5,whatcausesthecropyieldsinNewEnglandtofail
ATheshifttolivestockproductionbymanyfarmers.
BThedecreasedamountoftimethatfieldswereleftfallow.
CThepracticeofplantingcropsinthesamefieldforthreeyearsinarow.
DThereducedsizeoftheaveragefield.
P6:
Underthesecircumstances,thosefamilieswhowerelesswell-offnaturallystruggledtomakeendsmeetfarmingwhatlittlelandtheyhad.ThediminishingsizeandproductivityoffamilyfarmsforcedmanyNewEnglanderstomovetothefrontieroroutoftheareaaltogetherintheeighteenthcentury.VitalastheagricultureofNewEnglandwastothepeopleofthearea,itconstitutedarelativelyinsignificantportionoftheregion’stotalcommercialoutputforsale(itsdestinylayinanotherkindofeconomicendeavor).Inaddition,thegrowingseasonwasmuchshorterintheNorth,andthecultivationofcerealcropsrequiredincessantlaboronlyduringspringplantingandautumnharvesting;andso,fromaveryearlydate,manyNewEnglanderscombinedfarmingwithotherintermittentwork,suchasclock-making,shoe-making,carpentry,andweaving,therebyenablingthemselvestolivebetterlivesthantheywouldhavehadtheybeenconfinedtotheresourcesoftheirownfarms.Homecraftsandskilledtradesofallvarietieswerecommonfeaturesofrurallifeinallthecolonies,butespeciallyinNewEngland.
10.—
11.Accordingtoparagraph6whydidmanyNewEnglandersmoveoutoftheareaintheeighteenthcentury
ATheywantedtoliveintownsratherthanonfarms.
BTheirfarmsnolongerprovidedthemwithgoodliving.
CTherewasunequaldistributionofmalesandfemalesinNewEngland.
DTheywerebeingcrowdedoutbymigrantsfromoutsideNewEngland.
12.Theword“endeavor”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
Aeffect
Bimprovement
Ceffort
,
Daccelerator
13.Whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationaboutthe“intermittentwork,suchasclock-making,shoe-making,carpentry,andweaving”thatnortherncultivatorsengagedin
ATosuggestthatnortherncultivatorswerenotasskilledatagriculturalworkassoutherncultivatorswere.
BToindicateaneconomiceffectoftheshorternortherngrowingseasononnortherncultivators.
CTochallengetheclaimthatworkroutinesinthenorthwerelessintensethantheywereinthesouth.
DToemphasizethatnorthernworkerstriedtochangetheiragriculturallycenteredeconomy.
P6:
Underthesecircumstances,thosefamilieswhowerelesswell-offnaturallystruggledtomakeendsmeetfarmingwhatlittlelandtheyhad.■ThediminishingsizeandproductivityoffamilyfarmsforcedmanyNewEnglanderstomovetothefrontieroroutoftheareaaltogetherintheeighteenthcentury.■VitalastheagricultureofNewEnglandwastothepeopleofthearea,itconstitutedarelativelyinsignificantportionoftheregion’stotalcommercialoutputforsale.■(itsdestinylayinanotherkindofeconomicendeavor).■Inaddition,thegrowingseasonwasmuchshorterintheNorth,andthecultivationofcerealcropsrequiredincessantlaboronlyduringspringplantingandautumnharvesting;andso,fromaveryearlydate,manyNewEnglanderscombinedfarmingwithotherintermittentwork,suchasclock-making,shoe-making,carpentry,andweaving,therebyenablingthemselvestolivebetterlivesthantheywouldhavehadtheybeenconfinedtotheresourcesoftheirownfarms.Homecraftsandskilledtradesofallvarietieswerecommonfeaturesofrurallifeinallthecolonies,butespeciallyinNewEngland.
14.(
15.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Bytheendoftheeighteenthcentury,NewEnglandwasanetimporteroffoodandfiber.
WherewouldthesentencebestfitClickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.
16.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Drag
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