托福真题练习TOEFL.docx
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托福真题练习TOEFL.docx
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托福真题练习TOEFL
托福真题练习TOEFL
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托福真题练习1
By1776thefineartofpaintingasithaddevelopedinwesternEuropeup
tothistimehadbeenintroducedintotheAmericancoloniesthroughbooksand
prints,Europeanvisitorsandimmigrants,andtravelingcolonistswhobrought
backcopies(andafeworiginal)ofoldmasterpaintingsandacquaintancewith
Europeanartinstitutions.
BytheoutbreakoftherevolutionagainstBritishrulein1776,thestatus
oftheartistshadalreadyundergonechange.Inthemid-eighteenthcentury,
paintershadbeenwillingtoassumesuchartisan-relatedtasksasvarnishing,
gildingteaching,keepingshops,andpaintingwheelcarriages,houses,and
signs.Theterminologybywhichartistsweredescribedatthetimesuggests
theirstatus:
limnerwasusuallyappliedtotheanonymousportraitpainterup
tothe1760s;paintercharacterizedanyonewhocouldpaintaflatsurface.By
thesecondhalfofthecentury,colonialartistswhoweretrainedinEnglandor
educatedintheclassicsrejectedthestatusoflaborerandthoughtof
themselvesasartists.Somecolonialurbanportraitists,suchasJohnSingleton
Copley,BenjaminWest,andCharlesWilsonPeale,consortedwithaffluent
patrons.
Althoughsubjecttofluctuationsintheireconomicstatus,allthree
enjoyedsufficientpatronagetoallowthemtomaintainanimageofthemselvesas
professionalartists,animageindicatedbytheircustomofsigningtheir
paintings.AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdof
Virginian,andtheAliensandHamiltonsofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanart
traditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especially
aspiringartists,andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaof
thevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement.
Althoughthecoloniststendedtofavorportraits,theyalsoaccepted
landscapes,historicalworks,andpoliticalengravingsasappropriateartistic
subjects.WiththecomingofindependencefromtheBritishCrown,asufficient
numberofartistsandtheirworkswereavailabletoservenationalistic
purposes.Theachievementsofthecolonialartists,particularlythoseof
Copley,West,andPeale,lentcredencetotheboastthatthenewnationwas
capableofencouraginggeniusandthatpoliticallibertywascongenialtothe
developmentoftaste—anecessarystepbeforeartcouldassumeanimportant
roleinthenewrepublic.
托福阅读题目:
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)EuropeaninfluenceoncolonialAmericanpainting
(B)Theimportanceofpatronagetoartist
(C)ThechangingstatusofartistsintheAmericancoloniesinthe
eighteenthcentury
(D)SubjectspreferredbyartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenth
century.
2.Thewordoutbreakinline5isclosestinmeaningto
(A)cause
(B)beginning
(C)position
(D)explanation
3.Thewordundergoneinline6isclosestinmeaningto
(A)ledto
(B)transformed
(C)preferred
(D)experienced
4.Accordingtothepassage,beforetheAmericanRevolutionthemaintask
oflimnerswasto
(A)paintwheelcarriages
(B)paintportraits
(C)varnishfurniture
(D)paintflatsurfaces
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatartistswhoweretrainedin
England
(A)consideredartiststobesuperiortopainters
(B)barelypaintedportraitists
(C)wereoftenverywealthy
(D)imitatedEnglishpainters
6.Thewordconsortedinline14isclosestinmeaningto
(A)madedecisions
(B)studies
(C)agreed
(D)associated
7.Thewordsufficientinline16isclosestinmeaningto
(A)adequate
(B)temporary
(C)friendly
(D)expensive
8.Accordingtothepassage,artistssuchasCopley,WestandPealsigned
theirpaintings
(A)increasedthemonetaryvalueofthepaintings
(B)madeitmoredifficultforotherartiststocopythepaintings
(C)supportedtheartistsimageofprofessionalism
(D)distinguishedcolonialAmericanartistsfromEuropeanartists
9.TheauthormentionsJamesBowdoinIIIandWilliamByrdinline17as
examplesofwhichof
thefollowing?
(A)ArtgalleryownerswhodisplayedonlyEuropeanart
(B)ArtcollectorswhohadaprofoundinfluenceonAmericanattitudestoward
art
(C)Artistswhogavefinancialsupporttootherartists
(D)Patronswhosehelpedtoencourageartisanstobecomeartists
10.Withwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorbemostlikelyto
agree?
(A)Countriesthathavenothadapoliticalrevolutionareunlikelyto
developgreatart.
(B)Themostsuccessfulartcollectorsareusuallyartiststhemselves.
(C)ThevalueofcolonialAmericanpaintingsdecreasedafterthe
Revolution.
(D)Colonialartistsmadeanimportantcontributiontotheevolvingculture
ofthenewnation.
托福阅读答案:
CBDBADACBD
托福真题练习2
托福阅读文本:
Rentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuilding
ownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.IntheUnitedStates,
rentcontrolsdatebacktoatleastWorldWarII.
In1943thefederalgovernmentimposedrentcontrolstohelpsolvethe
problemofhousingshortagesduringwartime.Thefederalprogramendedafterthe
war,butinsomelocations,includingNewYorkCity,controlscontinued.Under
NewYorkscontrols,alandlordgenerallycannotraiserentsonapartmentsas
longasthetenantscontinuetorenewtheirleases.InplacessuchasSanta
Monica,California,rentcontrolsaremorerecent.Theywerespurredbythe
inflationofthe1970s,which,combinedwithCaliforniasrapidpopulation
growth,pushedhousingprices,aswellasrents,torecordlevels.In1979Santa
Monicasmunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothe
levelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwo-thirdsasmuchas
anyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.
Inanyhousingmarket,rentalpricesperformthreefunctions:
(1)promoting
theefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstruction
ofnewhousing,
(2)allocatingexistingscarcehousingamongcompeting
claimants,and(3)rationinguseofexistinghousingbypotentialrenters.
Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrental
units.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-term
determinantofprofitability—rents.Considersomeexamples.Inarecentyear
inDallas,Texas,witha16percentrentalvacancyratebutnorentcontrol
laws,11,000newhousingunitswerebuilt.Inthesameyear,inSanFrancisco,
California,only2,000unitswerebuilt.Themajordifference?
SanFranciscohas
onlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.InNewYork
City,exceptforgovernment-subsidizedconstruction,theonlyrentalunitsbeing
builtareluxuryunits,whichareexemptfromcontrols.InSantaMonica,
California,newapartmentsarenotbeingconstructed.Newofficerentalspace
andcommercialdevelopmentsare,however.Theyareexemptfromrent
controls.
托福阅读题目:
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)TheconstructionofapartmentsintheUnitedStates.
(B)Causesandeffectsofrentcontrol
(C)Thefluctuationsofrentalprices
(D)TheshortageofaffordablehousingintheUnitedStates.
2.ThewordTheyinline9refersto
(A)thetenants
(B)theirleases
(C)places
(D)rentcontrols.
3.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTareasonfortheintroductionofrent
controlsinSantaMonica,
California?
(A)rapidpopulationgrowth
(B)inflation
(C)economicconditionsduringwartime
(D)record-highhousingprices
4.Thephraserollbackinline11isclosestinmeaningto
(A)credit
(B)measure
(C)vary
(D)reduce
5.Thewordstimulatinginline15isclosestinmeaningto
(A)experimentingwith
(B)identifying
(C)estimating
(D)encouraging
6.Itcanbeinferredthatthepurposeofrentcontrolisto
(A)protecttenants
(B)promoteconstruction
(C)increasevacancyrates
(D)decreasesalesofrentalunits
7.Theworddepressedinline19isclosestinmeaningto
(A)saddened
(B)created
(C)lowered
(D)defeated
8.Theinformationinthelastparagraphsupportswhichofthefollowing
statements?
(A)SanFranciscohaseliminateditsrentcontrollaws.
(B)Rentcontrolleadstoareductionintheconstructionofhousing
units
(C)Luxuryapartmentsarerarelybuiltwhenthereisrentcontrol
(D)Thereisagrowingneedforgovernment-subsidizedhousing.
9.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcitiesdoesNOT
currentlyhaverentcontrols?
(A)SantaMonica
(B)Dallas
(C)SanFrancisco
(D)NewYorkCity
10.Thewordstringentinline23isclosestinmeaningto
(A)straightforward
(B)strict
(C)expanded
(D)efficient
11.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTexemptfrom
rentcontrol?
(A)Luxuryapartments
(B)Commercialdevelopment
(C)Moderatelypricedapartments
(D)Officespace.
托福阅读答案:
BDCDDACBBBC
托福真题练习3
托福阅读文本:
Butterfliesareamongthemostextensivelystudiedinsects—itis
estimatedthat90percentoftheworldsspecieshavescientificnames.Asa
consequence,theyareperhapsthebestgroupofinsectsforexaminingpatterns
ofterrestrialbioticdiversityanddistribution.Butterfliesalsohavea
favorableimagewiththegeneralpublic.Hence,theyareanexcellentgroupfor
communicatinginformationonscienceandconservationissuessuchas
diversity.
Perhapstheaspectofbutterflydiversitythathasreceivedthemost
attentionoverthepastcenturyisthestrikingdifferenceinspeciesrichness
betweentropicalandtemperateregions.Forexample,in1875onebiologist
pointedoutthediversityofbutterfliesintheAmazonwhenhementionedthat
about700species
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