14-英汉修辞比较.pptx
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14-英汉修辞比较.pptx
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Lecture14ContrastivestudiesofEnglishandChineseRhetoric,英汉修辞比较,I.Simile-inEnglish,DefinitionAfigureofspeechcomparingtwoessentiallyunlikethingsandoftenintroducedbylikeoras(asincheekslikeroses,aheartashardasflint(打火石).ADictionaryofLiteraryTermsThreeelementsofsimileTenor(本体)Connectives(喻词)Vehicle(喻体),I.Simile-inEnglish,RelationshipbetweentenorandvehiclePhysicalattributesShape,color,numberFunctionMannerDegreeMentalsimilarity,I.Simile-inEnglish,Signalwordsprepositions:
as,like,thanetc.Conjunctions:
as,asif,asthough,theway,what,andetc.Verbsorverbphrases:
seem,resemble(beartheresemblanceof),treat/honor/regard/consider/respectas,compareto,likento,pass(胜过),remindof,besimilarto,serveasetc.“of”structure:
avastseaofbooks.phrases:
may/mightaswell(as),nomore/lessthan/notanymorethan(如同一样),sospeak/asitwereetc.Examples:
(1)Theywillneverbeabletosavemoneytobuyanewhousetheybothspendmoneylike,water.,I.Simile,
(2)Featherwater,lightasafeather.(“Featherwater”,abrandforeye-glasses)(3)Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark.(as+S+V)(4)Asthelionisthekingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.(As,so.)(5)Myhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.(asif/though)(6)Youmayaswellaskforthemoonas(ask)forabicycle,becauseyouarenotgoingtogeteither.(may/mightaswell+V+as+V),I.Simile,(7)Wateristofisheswhatairistomen.水之于鱼,其重要性犹如空气之于人。
(8)Amancannomoreflythanabirdcanspeak.人不能飞翔,就像鸟不会说话一样.(9)(a)Loveandcoughcannotbehid.爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。
(b)Ishouldsmellitthewayacatsmellamouse.(10)Hetreatshischildastheappleintheeye.(11)Heissometimesbad-temperedbutreallyhesgotaheartofgold.有时候他似乎脾气不好,但他的心眼可好了。
I.Simile-inChinese,signalwords-preps:
像、如、宛如、似、好像、比如、正如、仿佛、好比、好似、恰似、胜似、犹如、如同、似的、一样、一般、比方说、像一样、如一般、像似的、仿佛似的etc.Examples叶子出水很高,像亭亭的舞女的裙。
层层的叶子中间,零星地点缀着些白花,有袅娜地开着,有羞涩的打着朵儿的;正如一粒粒的明珠,又如碧天里的星星,又如刚出浴的美人。
微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。
这时候叶子与花也有一些的颤动,像闪电般,霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。
I.Simile-inChinese,其形也,翩若惊鸿,婉若游龙。
远而望之,皎若太阳升朝霞;迫而察之,灼若芙蓉出绿波。
(曹植洛神赋)Withnosignalword天空中还飘着筛面细雨,纷纷扬扬,把村子笼罩着。
(李准清明雨旧恨春江流不尽,新恨云山千叠。
(辛弃疾念奴娇书东流村壁Tenorparallelswiththevehicle(proverbs)画虎画皮难画骨,知人知面不知心。
路遥知马力,日久见人心。
Vehiclepriortothetenor(proverbs)好汉一言,快马一鞭。
入乡问俗,入港问湾。
I.Simile-Similarities&differenceinvehicle,1.Similaritiesinvehiclesnumberlessasthesandsasboldasalionasrapidaslighteningasloudasathunderasfirmasarockascunningasafoxgrowlikeaweedpackedlikesardinesbloodisthickerthanwaterasblindasabat,asbusyasabeesmokelikeachimneyasproudasapeacockashappyasalarkasmeekasalambasmotionlessasastatueassmallasapinsheadashungryasawolfasslowasasnailtositonpinsandneedles21asthickasporridge,I.Simile-Similarities&differenceinvehicle,2.differencesinvehicles,
(1)壮的像头牛
(2)烂醉如泥(3)如雨后春笋(4)多如牛毛(5)胆小如鼠(6)苦如黄莲(7)犟得像头牛(8)昭然若揭(9)像热锅上的蚂蚁(10)如鸡肋(11)像青松一样挺拔(12)湿得像落汤鸡,(a)asstrongasahorse(b)asdrunkasamouse(c)springuplikemushrooms(d)asplentifulasblackberries(e)astimidasarabbit(f)asbitteraswormwood(苦艾)(g)asstubbornasadonkey(h)asclearasthenoseonyourface(i)likeacatonhotbricks(j)astastelessasrawpotatoes(k)asuprightasappletree(l)aswetasadrownedrat,I.Simile-Similarities&differenceinvehicle,3.Similesseeminglyalike,
(1)ascoldasiceVS冷若冰霜(temperatureVSfeeling)
(2)asblackasinkVS黑如墨(timeofthedayVScolor)(3)aslightasafeatherVS轻于鸿毛(weightVsvalue)(4)80后婚姻如儿戏。
Thepost-80sseemarriageaschildsplay.Thepost-80shavenorespectformarriage.(easytaskVStriflematters),I.Simile-Similarities&differenceinvehicle,4.Zero-correspondencebetweenE&Csimile,
(1)asfitasafiddle
(2)asdullasditchwater(3)asblindasabat(4)asboldasbrass,(a)非常健康(b)索然寡味(c)有眼无珠(d)厚颜无耻,II.Metaphor,Definitionawayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingittosomethingelsethathassimilarqualities,withoutusingthewordslikeoras.(LongmanContemporaryEnglishDictionary)InMetaphoracomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.(AdictionaryofLiteraryTerms)Englishmetaphor兼有汉语修辞格暗喻/隐喻、借喻以及拟物的格式,作用也与这几种汉语修辞格基本相同。
(毛荣贵,廖晟:
2005)SignalwordinEnglish:
be,become,turnintoSignalwordinChinese:
“是”、“变成”、“变为”、“成为”、“成了”、“当作”etc.,II.Metaphor,ContrastbetweenEnglishandChinesemetaphorswithtenor,vehicle(andsignalwords)=汉语的暗喻/隐喻Thedoctorisabutcher.那个医生是个屠夫。
儿童是祖国的花朵。
“Youchicken!
”hecried,lookingatTomwithcontempt.“你这个胆小鬼!
”他轻蔑地看汤姆嚷道。
你真熊!
白洋淀有多少苇地,不知道;每年出多少苇子,也不知道;只晓得每年芦花飘飞芦叶黄的时候,全淀的芦苇收割了,垛起垛来,在白洋淀周围的广场上,就成了一条苇子的长城。
(孙犁:
荷花淀),II.Metaphor,onlyvehicle=汉语“借喻”Thatladytriestomakesheepseyesathernewboss.那位女士想向新老板献媚。
Misfortunesdoggedhimateveryturn.厄运时时伴随他。
Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.ThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.虎恶猿狡的性格,法国人兼而有之.嗟呼,燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉!
”(司马迁:
史记.陈涉世家总之,倘是咬人之狗,我觉得都在可打之列,无论它在岸上或在水中。
中国最多的却枉道:
不打落水狗,反被狗咬了。
(鲁迅论“费厄泼赖”应该缓行小猫爬上桌,在稿纸上踩下几朵小梅花。
II.Metaphor,behaviorofAisusedtodescribeB=汉语“比拟”Thatladytriestomakesheepseyesathernewboss.那位女士想向新老板献媚。
Misfortunesdoggedhimateveryturn.厄运时时伴随他。
Hewormedhimselfintoourconfidence.他逐渐骗取了我们的信任。
Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.我到了自家的房外,我的母亲早已迎着出来了,接着便飞出了八岁的侄儿宏儿。
(鲁迅故乡)淑英于是拿了笛横在口边吹起“悲秋”的调子。
笛声很凄哀,好象在泣诉一段悲伤的往事,声音在水面荡漾着,落下去又浮起来,散开了又凝聚起来。
各人都觉得要落泪了。
(巴金家),II.Metaphor,Historicalmetaphor(历史隐喻)Derivedfromaallusionorhistoricalstory,orliteraturework,whosemeaningcannotbederivedfromitswords.AchillesheelTomeetonesWaterlooPenelopesweb(永远做不完的工作)PandorasboxfigleafJason陈世美武大郎名落孙山王老五败走麦城,III.Alliteration头韵,DefinitionTheappearanceofthesamesoundorsoundsatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatarenexttoorclosetoeachother.LongmancontemporaryEnglish-ChinesedictionaryAlsocalledinitialrhyme,orheadrhyme.ItisuniquetoEnglish.头韵是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词。
(黄任,1998:
162)不发字母本音的字母不构成头韵,如:
physicalpain不是头韵。
Alliteration主要是词首元音的重复、词首辅音的重复和词首辅音连缀的重复三种形式。
III.Alliteration头韵,UseofalliterationInpoemsinprose(散文),speeches,formalargumentativeessay;proverb(谚语),aphorism(警句),maxim(格言),idiomaticphrases(熟语)andpairedwords(成对词)etc.Titleofanarticleorbook;AdvertisementsloganTonguetwisterRhetoricaleffectsAsafigureofspeech,itisgoodforsoundrhyme,musicaleffectandsignificantemphasis.,III.Alliteration头韵,Examplespairedwords,星星点点叮叮当当磨磨蹭蹭犹犹豫豫平平安安堂堂正正主要部分连皮带毛省吃俭用幼稚无知水晶般清澈丝毫不错,Knick-knackjingle-jangledilly-dallyshilly-shallysafeandsoundfairandsquarepartandparcelhideandhairscrapeandscrewgreenasgrassclearascrystalrightasrain,III.Alliteration,Examples:
Pennywiseandpoundfoolish.小事聪明,大事糊涂。
Sparetherod,spoilthechild.棍棒之下出孝子。
Whenwinesinks,wordsswim.酒后说胡话Farfowlshavefairfeathers.远处的鸟羽更美丽。
Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew;Thefurrowfollowedfree,WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea.-S.T.Coleridge:
TheRimeoftheAncientMariner(柯勒律治:
古舟子咏)和风吹荡,水花四溅,船儿破浪前进,闯入那沉寂的海洋领域,我们是第一群人。
III.Alliteration,Examples:
Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance.Amongmyskimmingswallows;-Tennyson:
TheBrook随着我那飞速的吞咽,我滑动,我流淌,我暗淡,我闪光。
Sparetherod,spoilthechild.棍棒之下出孝子。
III.Alliteration,Thisgenerationofsoldiers,sailors,airmen,Marines,andCoastGuardsmenhavevolunteeredinthetimeofcertaindanger.Theyarepartofthefinestfightingforcethattheworldhaseverknown.Theyhaveservedtouraftertourofdutyindistant,different,anddifficultplaces.Theyaremenandwomen-white,black,andbrown-ofallfaithsandallstations-allAmericans,servingtogethertoprotectourpeople,whilegivingothershalfaworldawaythechancetoleadabetterlife.Intodayswars,theresnotalwaysasimpleceremonythatsignalsourtroopssuccess-nosurrenderpaperstobesigned,orcapitaltobeclaimed.-BarackObama,FortHoodMemorialServiceSpeech,IV.Personification,DefinitionTreatingsth.thatiswithoutlifeasahumanbeingorrepresentingitinhumanform.-OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionaryOfCurrentEnglishWithChineseTranslationThroughpersonification,animalsareendowedwithhumanformorfeelings,andinanimateobjects,orideasandabstractionsaregivenlifeandpersonalattributes.Itisafigureofspeechinwhichthen.,v.,adj.,andadv.whichareoriginallyusedtodescribeamanarenowusedinsteadtodescribeotherlivingthings,inanimateobjects,andabstractconcept,thusattributingthecharacteristicsofhumanstothem.,IV.Personification,Examples:
Afingeroflandleadingoutintothebay.(noun)正义被绑着示众,真理被蒙上眼睛,连元帅也被陷害,总理也含冤而死。
(艾青在浪尖上)(Noun)Cokeisacruelmistress,man.Shedoesntcarewhoshetakesfrom.(pronoun)小溪流一边奔流,一边玩耍。
他一会儿拍拍岸边五颜六色的石卵,一会摸摸沙地上才伸出脑袋来的小草。
(严文井小溪流之歌)(Pronoun)Diorknowswhatmakesawomanbeautiful.(verb)连每一条小狗,每一只小猫,每一条牛犊和驴狗都在嬉戏。
连每一根小草都在跳舞。
(王蒙春之声)(Verb),IV.Personification,Examples:
Thehandsomehousesonthestreettothecollegewerenotfullyawake,buttheylookedveryfriendly.(adj)癫狂柳絮随风舞,轻佻桃花逐水流。
(杜甫漫兴)(adj)Theclockonthewalltickedloudlyandlazily,asifithadtimetospare.(adv)寒风枉自激动地怒吼,花朵只顾恬静地微笑。
(白桦雪山杜鹃)(adv),IV.Personification,ImpersonalsubjectVSpersonificationInEnglish,inanimatesubject(无灵主语)+animatepredicate(有灵谓语)=personificationReligionshouldnotinterferewithpolitics.不得用宗教不得干预政治。
Hisbonhomieoftenbroughthimmanyfriends.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,theEmperorsCanonofInteriorMedicinesummarizedthethencurrentmedicalknowledge.黄帝内经的作者(Note:
see,bring,find,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,preventfrometc),V.Parody仿拟,DefinitionAtextthatimitatesthecharacteristicstyleofanauthororaworkforcomiceffectorridicule.Examples:
Parodicwords他不仅是大“画家”,而且是大“话家”,画才与口才都堪称当代一绝的。
(演讲与口才,2005年第5期)在一次整顿行业作风的座谈会上,于老师批评了某些媒体的低俗之风,他说:
“有些记者
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