1、Lecture 14Contrastive studies of English and Chinese Rhetoric,英汉修辞比较,I.Simile-in English,DefinitionA figure of speech comparing two essentially unlike things and often introduced by like or as(as in cheeks like roses,a heart as hard as flint(打火石).A Dictionary of Literary Terms Three elements of simi
2、le Tenor（本体）Connectives（喻词）Vehicle（喻体）,I.Simile-in English,Relationship between tenor and vehicle Physical attributes Shape,color,number Function Manner Degree Mental similarity,I.Simile-in English,Signal words prepositions:as,like,than etc.Conjunctions:as,as if,as though,the way,what,and etc.Verbs
3、or verb phrases:seem，resemble(bear the resemblance of),treat/honor/regard/consider/respect as,compare to,liken to,pass(胜过),remind of,be similar to,serve as etc.“of”structure:a vast sea of books.phrases:may/might as well（as）,no more/lessthan/not any morethan(如同一样),so speak/as it were etc.Examples:(1)
4、They will never be able to save money to buy a new housethey both spend money like,water.,I.Simile,(2)Featherwater,light as a feather.(“Featherwater”,a brand for eye-glasses)(3)Men fear death,as children fear to go in the dark.(as+S+V)(4)As the lion is the king of beasts,so is the eagle king of bird
5、s.(As,so.)(5)My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants,escaping from an ink bottle,had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs.(as if/though)(6)You may as well ask for the moon as(ask)for a bicycle,because you are not going to get either.(may/might as well+V+as+V),I.Simile,(7)Water i
6、s to fishes what air is to men.水之于鱼，其重要性犹如空气之于人。(8)A man can no more fly than a bird can speak.人不能飞翔,就像鸟不会说话一样.(9)(a)Love and cough can not be hid.爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。(b)I should smell it the way a cat smell a mouse.(10)He treats his child as the apple in the eye.(11)He is sometimes bad-tempered but reall
7、y hes got a heart of gold.有时候他似乎脾气不好，但他的心眼可好了。,I.Simile-in Chinese,signal words-preps：像、如、宛如、似、好像、比如、正如、仿佛、好比、好似、恰似、胜似、犹如、如同、似的、一样、一般、比方说、像一样、如一般、像似的、仿佛似的etc.Examples 叶子出水很高,像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间,零星地点缀着些白花,有袅娜地开着,有羞涩的打着朵儿的;正如一粒粒的明珠,又如碧天里的星星,又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。这时候叶子与花也有一些的颤动,像闪电般,霎时传过荷塘的那
8、边去了。,I.Simile-in Chinese,其形也,翩若惊鸿,婉若游龙。远而望之,皎若太阳升朝霞;迫而察之,灼若芙蓉出绿波。（曹植洛神赋）With no signal word 天空中还飘着筛面细雨,纷纷扬扬,把村子笼罩着。(李准清明雨 旧恨春江流不尽,新恨云山千叠。(辛弃疾念奴娇书东流村壁 Tenor parallels with the vehicle(proverbs)画虎画皮难画骨,知人知面不知心。路遥知马力,日久见人心。Vehicle prior to the tenor(proverbs)好汉一言,快马一鞭。入乡问俗,入港问湾。,I.Simile-Similarities&d
9、ifference in vehicle,1.Similarities in vehiclesnumberless as the sandsas bold as a lion as rapid as lightening as loud as a thunderas firm as a rock as cunning as a fox grow like a weed packed like sardines blood is thicker than wateras blind as a bat,as busy as a bee smoke like a chimney as proud a
10、s a peacock as happy as a lark as meek as a lamb as motionless as a statue as small as a pins head as hungry as a wolf as slow as a snail to sit on pins and needles21 as thick as porridge,I.Simile-Similarities&difference in vehicle,2.differences in vehicles,(1)壮的像头牛(2)烂醉如泥(3)如雨后春笋(4)多如牛毛(5)胆小如鼠(6)苦如
11、黄莲(7)犟得像头牛(8)昭然若揭(9)像热锅上的蚂蚁(10)如鸡肋(11)像青松一样挺拔(12)湿得像落汤鸡,(a)as strong as a horse(b)as drunk as a mouse(c)spring up like mushrooms(d)as plentiful as blackberries(e)as timid as a rabbit(f)as bitter as wormwood(苦艾)(g)as stubborn as a donkey(h)as clear as the nose on your face(i)like a cat on hot bricks(
12、j)as tasteless as raw potatoes(k)as upright as apple tree(l)as wet as a drowned rat,I.Simile-Similarities&difference in vehicle,3.Similes seemingly alike,(1)as cold as ice VS 冷若冰霜(temperature VS feeling)(2)as black as ink VS 黑如墨(time of the day VS color)(3)as light as a feather VS 轻于鸿毛(weight Vs val
13、ue)(4)80后婚姻如儿戏。The post-80s see marriage as childs play.The post-80s have no respect for marriage.(easy task VS trifle matters),I.Simile-Similarities&difference in vehicle,4.Zero-correspondence between E&C simile,(1)as fit as a fiddle(2)as dull as ditchwater(3)as blind as a bat(4)as bold as brass,(a
14、)非常健康(b)索然寡味(c)有眼无珠(d)厚颜无耻,II.Metaphor,Definitiona way of describing something by comparing it to something elsethat has similar qualities,without using the words like or as.(Longman Contemporary English Dictionary)In Metaphor a comparison is usually implicit;whereas in simile it is explicit.(A dict
15、ionary of Literary Terms)English metaphor兼有汉语修辞格暗喻/隐喻、借喻以及拟物的格式，作用也与这几种汉语修辞格基本相同。(毛荣贵,廖晟:2005)Signal word in English：be,become,turn into Signal word in Chinese：“是”、“变成”、“变为”、“成为”、“成了”、“当作”etc.,II.Metaphor,Contrast between English and Chinese metaphors with tenor,vehicle(and signal words)=汉语的暗喻/隐喻 Th
16、e doctor is a butcher.那个医生是个屠夫。儿童是祖国的花朵。“You chicken!”he cried,looking at Tom with contempt.“你这个胆小鬼!”他轻蔑地看汤姆嚷道。你真熊!白洋淀有多少苇地,不知道;每年出多少苇子,也不知道;只晓得每年芦花飘飞芦叶黄的时候,全淀的芦苇收割了,垛起垛来,在白洋淀周围的广场上,就成了一条苇子的长城。(孙犁:荷花淀),II.Metaphor,only vehicle=汉语“借喻”That lady tries to make sheeps eyes at her new boss.那位女士想向新老板献媚。Mis
17、fortunes dogged him at every turn.厄运时时伴随他。Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.虎恶猿狡的性格,法国人兼而有之.嗟呼,燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉!”(司马迁:史记.陈涉世家 总之,倘是咬人之狗,我觉得都在可打之列,无论它在岸上或在水中。中国最多的却枉道:不打落水狗,反被狗
18、咬了。(鲁迅论“费厄泼赖”应该缓行 小猫爬上桌，在稿纸上踩下几朵小梅花。,II.Metaphor,behavior of A is used to describe B=汉语“比拟”That lady tries to make sheeps eyes at her new boss.那位女士想向新老板献媚。Misfortunes dogged him at every turn.厄运时时伴随他。He wormed himself into our confidence.他逐渐骗取了我们的信任。Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed
19、,and some few to be chewed and digested.我到了自家的房外,我的母亲早已迎着出来了,接着便飞出了八岁的侄儿宏儿。(鲁迅故乡)淑英于是拿了笛横在口边吹起“悲秋”的调子。笛声很凄哀,好象在泣诉一段悲伤的往事,声音在水面荡漾着,落下去又浮起来,散开了又凝聚起来。各人都觉得要落泪了。(巴金家),II.Metaphor,Historical metaphor(历史隐喻)Derived from a allusion or historical story,or literature work，whose meaning cannot be derived from
20、its words.Achilles heel To meet ones Waterloo Penelopes web(永远做不完的工作)Pandoras box fig leaf Jason 陈世美 武大郎 名落孙山 王老五 败走麦城,III.Alliteration头韵,DefinitionThe appearance of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.Longman contemporary English-Ch
21、inese dictionary Also called initial rhyme，or head rhyme.It is unique to English.头韵是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词。（黄任，1998:162）不发字母本音的字母不构成头韵，如：physical pain不是头韵。Alliteration主要是词首元音的重复、词首辅音的重复和词首辅音连缀的重复三种形式。,III.Alliteration头韵,Use of alliteration In poems in prose（散文），speeches，formal argumentative essay
22、；proverb（谚语），aphorism（警句），maxim（格言），idiomatic phrases（熟语）and paired words（成对词)etc.Title of an article or book;Advertisement slogan Tongue twister Rhetorical effectsAs a figure of speech,it is good for sound rhyme,musical effect and significant emphasis.,III.Alliteration头韵,Examples paired words,星星点点叮
23、叮当当磨磨蹭蹭犹犹豫豫平平安安堂堂正正主要部分连皮带毛省吃俭用幼稚无知水晶般清澈丝毫不错,Knick-knack jingle-jangle dilly-dally shilly-shally safe and sound fair and square part and parcel hide and hair scrape and screw green as grass clear as crystal right as rain,III.Alliteration,Examples:Penny wise and pound foolish.小事聪明,大事糊涂。Spare the rod,
24、spoil the child.棍棒之下出孝子。When wine sinks,words swim.酒后说胡话 Far fowls have fair feathers.远处的鸟羽更美丽。The fair breeze blew,the white foam flew;The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.-S.T.Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(柯勒律治：古舟子咏)和风吹荡，水花四溅，船儿破浪前进，闯入那沉寂的海洋领域
25、，我们是第一群人。,III.Alliteration,Examples:I slip,I slide,I gloom,I glance.Among my skimming swallows;-Tennyson:The Brook 随着我那飞速的吞咽，我滑动，我流淌，我暗淡，我闪光。Spare the rod,spoil the child.棍棒之下出孝子。,III.Alliteration,This generation of soldiers,sailors,airmen,Marines,and Coast Guardsmen have volunteered in the time of
26、certain danger.They are part of the finest fighting force that the world has ever known.They have served tour after tour of duty in distant,different,and difficult places.They are men and women-white,black,and brown-of all faiths and all stations-all Americans,serving together to protect our people,
27、while giving others half a world away the chance to lead a better life.In todays wars,theres not always a simple ceremony that signals our troops success-no surrender papers to be signed,or capital to be claimed.-Barack Obama,Fort Hood Memorial Service Speech,IV.Personification,Definition Treating s
28、th.that is without life as a human being or representing it in human form.-Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Of Current English With Chinese Translation Through personification,animals are endowed with human form or feelings,and inanimate objects,or ideas and abstractions are given life and person
29、al attributes.It is a figure of speech in which the n.,v.,adj.,and adv.which are originally used to describe a man are now used instead to describe other living things,inanimate objects,and abstract concept,thus attributing the characteristics of humans to them.,IV.Personification,Examples:A finger
30、of land leading out into the bay.(noun)正义被绑着示众,真理被蒙上眼睛,连元帅也被陷害,总理也含冤而死。(艾青在浪尖上)(Noun)Coke is a cruel mistress,man.She doesnt care who she takes from.(pronoun)小溪流一边奔流,一边玩耍。他一会儿拍拍岸边五颜六色的石卵,一会摸摸沙地上才伸出脑袋来的小草。(严文井小溪流之歌)(Pronoun)Dior knows what makes a woman beautiful.(verb)连每一条小狗,每一只小猫,每一条牛犊和驴狗都在嬉戏。连每一根小
31、草都在跳舞。(王蒙春之声)(Verb),IV.Personification,Examples:The handsome houses on the street to the college were not fully awake,but they looked very friendly.(adj)癫狂柳絮随风舞，轻佻桃花逐水流。（杜甫漫兴）(adj)The clock on the wall ticked loudly and lazily,as if it hadtime to spare.(adv)寒风枉自激动地怒吼,花朵只顾恬静地微笑。(白桦雪山杜鹃)(adv),IV.Perso
32、nification,Impersonal subject VS personification In English,inanimate subject(无灵主语)+animate predicate（有灵谓语）=personification Religion should not interfere with politics.不得用宗教不得干预政治。His bonhomie often brought him many friends.In the Spring and Autumn Period,the Emperors Canon of Interior Medicine summ
33、arized the then current medical knowledge.黄帝内经的作者(Note:see,bring,find,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,preventfrom etc),V.Parody 仿拟,DefinitionA text that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.Examples:Parodic words 他不仅是大“画家”,而且是大“话家”,画才与口才都堪称当代一绝的。(演讲与口才,2005 年第5 期)在一次整顿行业作风的座谈会上,于老师批评了某些媒体的低俗之风,他说:“有些记者
