英语论文论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响.docx
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英语论文论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响.docx
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英语论文论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响
CommentonthepositiveandnegativeeffectsoftheBritishIndustrialRevolution
谈论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响
Abstract:
ThepositiveandnegativeeffectstheBritishIndustrialRevolution,includingindustry、environment、employment(womenandchildrenworkers)andtheeffectswhicharerelatedtoothercountriesintheworld,especiallyChina.
摘要:
英国工业革命的积极影响和消极影响,包括工业方面、环境方面、就业(女工和童工)以及它对世界其他各国尤其是中国的影响
关键词:
积极、消极、影响、工业、环境、就业、其他国家、中国
KeyWords:
Positive、negative、effects、industry、environment、employment、othercountries、China
WhatisknowntousallisthattheBritishIndustrialRevolutionmakesabigdifferenceallovertheworld,especiallyinBritishandEuropeanandAmericancontinent.Justlikeeverythinghastwosides,itbringsusaboutsomanyadvantagesandsomeilleffects.
TheBritishIndustrialRevolutiontookplaceinthemiddleofEnglandin1700s.IthasabigeffectonalltheEuropeancontinent.Anditgraduallysetsinmotioninotherpartsoftheworld.TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionisalsonamedtheBritishPropertyRevolution.Itisagreatrevolutionwhichbringsaboutanewtimsinmodernhistoryoftheworldofproduceandtechnology.TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionisalongtermwhichindicatestheinventionandapplianceofvariouscomplicatedmachinesratherthantoolsinproductionandvariationfromaruralagriculturalandcommercialsocietytoaprogressiveruralindustrialsociety.Oldideasweremodified,notsweptaway,andnewideasgraduallytookplace.Thechangesforeverchangecitylife,socialclassstructure,thepoweroftheBritishnationamongstothersoftheworld,theproductionofmachinery,andthestrengthoftheeconomyofBritain.Thisrevolutionistheworkofbirth,andalsorebirththeGreatBritain.
Fromthe18thtowellintothe19thcentury,thefamousIndustrialRevolutionfromwherethegreatestchangesinseveralpartsmadeaprofoundeffectonthewholesocietyintheUnitedKingdom,thensubsequentlyspreadingthroughoutEurope,NorthAmerica,andeventuallythewholeworld.Itgoeswithoutsayingthattheagriculture,manufacturing,mining,transport,andtechnologyhavealreadyundergonemassivechangesintheblinkofaneye.TheIndustrialRevolutionisconsideredamajorturningpointinhumanhistoryalmosteveryaspectofdailylifewaseventuallyinfluencedtosomedegree.Mostnotably,thepopulationbegantodisplayunprecedentedsustainedgrowthandthequalityofpeople’slivesimproveddramatically.AsthewordssaidbyNobelPrizewinningRobertE.Lucas,Jr.,"Forthefirsttimeinhistory,thelivingstandardsofthemassesofordinarypeoplehavebeguntoundergosustainedgrowth.
Nothingremotelylikethiseconomicbehaviorhashappenedbefore."ThereisnodoubtthattheindustrialrevolutionwhichoriginatedinBritishwouldsurelyhavethemosteffectsonlargesectionsofitssocietythroughnewinventions,newlegislation,andspawnedaneweconomy.Workbecamemoredisciplinedandmechanized,andbegantotakeplaceoutsidethehome.Womenandchildrencantaketheplaceofsomeskilledtradesmenwiththehelpofinventions.Themovementoftheexplodingpopulationtothecitiesfromthecountrysideproduceddramaticchangesinlifestyle.Atthattime,resistancetothechangesintheformofmachine-breakingriotsalsoappeared,butultimatelyfailed.
Atthebeginningofthe18thcentury,thelifecouldbecharacterizedasveryslowandbackward.Duringthistime,changesintechnologiesandcommercesectorswereveryimperceptible.Andthepopulationincreasedependedontheproductivity,whilethelivingstandardsmaintainedthesame.Atfirst,Englandwasmainlyanagriculturalcountry;morethanthree-fourthsofthepopulationlivedinruraldistricts.ThecitiesexceptLondonwereverysmall,eventhesecondlargestcityBristolcouldonlyboastapopulationof30,000.Existingindustrywasmostlydomestic,whichmeansthattheindustrytookplaceinthehomesorcottagesoftheworkers,soitalsocalled“cottageindustry”.Farmingwasthepredominantoccupation.Clothmanufacturewasoftenacooperativeactivitysharedbyallmembersofthefamily.Mostproductsweremadebyhand,andthetoolswereold-fashioned,forinstance,peoplejustusedspinningwheelandhandloomwhilespinningandweaving.
ThebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionTherearedebatesontheexactsignoftheIndustrialRevolution.ManyhistoriansnowbelievethattheIndustrialRevolutionbeganin1709,theyearinwhichamethodforsmeltingironwithcoalandlimewasdiscovered,whileothersbelievethatatleastby1718,whenasilkfactorywasequippedwithpowermachinery.Ofcourse,itwasnotuntil1830,theindustryhadcompletedallofthetechnicalchangeswhichdefinedtheIndustrialRevolution.Everystepaddedanotherlinktothechainofanindustrialevolutionwhichamountedtoa“revolution”.ThecausesoftheIndustrialRevolutionItisanecessaryresultofthesocialdevelopmentinBritain.ThebourgeoisieinBritainaccomplishedits“primitiveaccumulationofcapital”throughplunderandexpansion.Firstofall,thepopulationincreasedinthe18thcentury.Therewasneedformorefoodandgoods.Peoplehadtofindwaystoincreaseproduction.Then,newmachineswereinvented.Theychangedthewayofproductioninfarmsandfactories.Productionwasincreasedmorequickly.ThisbroughtabouttheIndustrialRevolution.Third,theEuropeanssetupmorecoloniesoverseasinordertoopenmarketsthatwerereadytoabsorbmoremanufacturedgoods.Fourthly,morecapitalwasaccumulatedfromtradewhichprovidedthefundstopioneertheindustrialrevolution.Finally,inEuropefeudalismwasended,soitwastimetomakesomechange.BritishadvantagesinindustrializationInbrief,therevolutionoccurredinBritainduetothestableeconomic,social,andpoliticalstabilityoftheempire.Firstofall,Britishdominationoftheseasviaastrongmilitaryforcewhichrefersto“RoyalNavyoftheempireonwhichthesunneversets”,gaveitcontrolofoceantransportationandtrade.ThefastgrowingmonopolyonoceantradehelpedtoprotectBritainprofits.Secondly,theBritishpeoplerenewedtheirinterestinscientificdiscoveryandinvention,aswellasoriginality.Thirdly,Britishsystemofnationalbanksheldclosetoitsfinancialsecuritywhichprovidedwithcapitalfrominvestmentsandasurplusofthefinancesforwhichtouseincommerceontheinternationalscale.
What’smore,Britain'sgovernment,along-timeconstitutionalmonarchy,wasjustrightforthesituation.Thegovernmentwasflexibleenoughtosupportthenewsystemandtoacertaindegreeacceptedas"invisiblehand."Lastbutnotleast,GreatBritainhadalargeeducatedworkforcetorunthemachinesandcreatemanuals.TheEnlightenmentnotonlymeantalargereducatedpopulationbutalsomoremodernviewsonwork.Also,thosecoloniesalsoprovidedcaptivemarketsfortheabundanceofnewgoodsprovidedbytheindustrialrevolutioninBritain.TheprocessoftheIndustrialRevolution
TheIndustrialRevolutionwasalongperiodduringwhichinventionofmachinerywhichcouldbeappliedtomanufacturingprocesses.Itfirstbeganinthetextileindustry.JohnKayinventedtheflyingshuttle(1733)anditspeededhandweaving,creatingdemandforfasteryarnspinning.Thenitcametotheinventionofthespinningjenny,in1766,bytheEnglishspinnerHargreaves.In1769,RichardArkwright,abarber,patentedadeviceforspinningthreadbymeansofrollers.Thenin1779SamuelCromptondrewonthesetwonewdevicesandinventedhismulewhichreplacedhandlaboraltogether.ThenEdmundArkwrightestablishedagreatfactorybyapplyingpower-drivenmulesandpower-drivenlooms(1784)andhebecametheFatherofFactorysysteminEngland.JamesWatt(1736-1819)modifiedandimprovedNewcomer’sdesignin1765andproducedaveryefficientsteamenginewithrotarymotion.Stephensonbuiltthefirststeamlocomotivein1814andthemarkedthebeginningofanewstageoftheIndustrialRevolution.BecauseoftheBritishnationaleconomic,political,andsocialstate,thecountrywasreadytosurmountproblemswhichbroughtfrommassivechangesoftheIndustrialRevolution.Duetothisrevolution,newinventionsandinnovationscontributedtoamoremodernoutlookonlife,self-improvementintheworkplace,andgotthebenefitsfromafantasticwayofthinking.ThepeopleofBritainturnedawayfromthepastandlookforwardtoeffectsoftherevolutionaryactions.PopulationBritain'spopulationgrew280%during1550-1820.Withtheadvancementofindustry,anewwatersystem,whichincludedasewerandprovidedforrunningwaterineveryone’shomes,improvedthesanitaryconditionsofthecity.AnddiscoveriesinmedicinealsoprovidedbettertreatmentsofdiseasesandthuspromotingtheoverallhealthofBritishsociety.Sopeoplelivedlongerthaneverbefore.
Andalsowithnewmechanizedmachineryfactorieshadbeenbuiltandusedtoproductgoodsatamiraclespeed.Theyoftenlocatedincitieswhichleadtothemigrationofpeoplefromrurallandscapestoanurbancenter.SocialStructureThesocialstructureofsocietychangeddramaticallyduringtheera.Asissaidbefore,beforetherevolutionthelifeis“cottagestyle”.Withtheprocessofindustrialization,however,thingchanged.Thenewenclosurelawshadleftmanypoorfarmersbankruptandunemployed,andmachinescapableofhugeoutputsmadehandicraftsmenredundant.Asaresult,thereweremanypeoplewhowereforcedtomovetotownsandcitiesinordertoworkatthenewfactories.Italsomeantthattheymadelessmoneyforworkinglongerhourswhichaddedtothisthehigherlivingexpensesduetourbanization,anditcaneasilybeseenthatmanypeople’sresourceswouldbeextremelytigh
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- 关 键 词:
- 英语论文 英国 工业革命 积极 消极 影响