1、英语论文论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响Comment on the positive and negative effects of the British Industrial Revolution谈论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响Abstract：The positive and negative effects the British Industrial Revolution,including industry、environment、employment(women and children workers) and the effects which are related to
2、other countries in the world,especially China.摘要：英国工业革命的积极影响和消极影响，包括工业方面、环境方面、就业（女工和童工）以及它对世界其他各国尤其是中国的影响关键词：积极、消极、影响、工业、环境、就业、其他国家、中国Key Words:Positive、 negative、 effects、 industry、 environment、 employment 、other countries 、ChinaWhat is known to us all is that the British Industrial Revolution make
3、s a big difference all over the world,especially in British and European and American continent.Just like everything has two sides,it brings us about so many advantages and some ill effects.The British Industrial Revolution took place in the middle of England in 1700s.It has a big effect on all the
4、European continent.And it gradually sets in motion in other parts of the world.The British Industrial Revolution is also named the British Property Revolution.It is a great revolution which brings about a new tims in modern history of the world of produce and technology. The British Industrial Revol
5、ution is a long term which indicates the invention and appliance of various complicated machines rather than tools in production and variation from a ruralagricultural and commercial society to a progressive ruralindustrial society. Old ideas were modified, not swept away, and new ideas gradually to
6、ok place. The changes forever change city life, social class structure, the power of the British nation amongst others of the world, the production of machinery, and the strength of the economy of Britain. This revolution is the work of birth, and also rebirth the Great Britain.From the 18th to well
7、 into the 19th century,the famous Industrial Revolution from where the greatest changes in several parts made a profound effect on the whole society in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the whole world.It goes without saying that the agr
8、iculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technologyhave already undergone massive changes in the blink of an eye. The Industrial Revolution is considered amajor turning point in human historyalmost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced to some degree. Most notably, the populati
9、on began to display unprecedented sustained growth and thequality of peoples lives improved dramatically. As the words said by Nobel Prize winning Robert E. Lucas, Jr.,For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. Nothing
10、 remotely like this economic behavior has happened before.There is no doubt that the industrial revolution which originated in British would surely have the most effects on large sections of its society through new inventions, new legislation, and spawned a new economy.Work became more disciplined a
11、nd mechanized, and began to take place outside the home. Women and children can take the place of some skilled tradesmen with the help of inventions. The movement of the exploding population to the cities from the countryside produced dramatic changes in lifestyle. At that time, resistance to the ch
12、anges in the form of machine-breaking riots also appeared, but ultimately failed.At the beginning of the 18th century, the life could be characterized as very slow and backward. During this time, changes in technologies and commerce sectors were very imperceptible. And the population increase depend
13、ed on the productivity, while the living standards maintained the same. At first, England was mainly an agricultural country; more than three-fourths of the population lived in rural districts. The cities except London were very small, even the second largest city Bristol could only boast a populati
14、on of 30,000. Existing industry was mostly domestic, which means that the industry took place in the homesor cottages of the workers, so it also called “cottage industry”. Farming was the predominant occupation.Cloth manufacture was often a cooperative activity shared by all members of the family. M
15、ost products were made by hand, and the tools were old-fashioned, for instance, people just used spinning wheel and hand loom while spinning and weaving. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution There are debates on the exact sign of the Industrial Revolution. Many historians now believe that the
16、Industrial Revolution began in 1709, the year in which a method for smelting iron with coal and lime was discovered, while others believe that at least by 1718, when a silk factory was equipped with power machinery. Of course, it was not until 1830, the industry had completed all of the technical ch
17、anges which defined the Industrial Revolution. Every step added another link to the chain of an industrial evolution which amounted to a “revolution”. The causes of the Industrial Revolution It is a necessary result of the social development in Britain. The bourgeoisie in Britain accomplished its “p
18、rimitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and expansion. First of all, the population increased in the 18th century. There was need for more food and goods. People had to find ways to increase production. Then, new machines were invented. They changed the way of production in farms and facto
19、ries. Production was increased more quickly. This brought about the Industrial Revolution. Third, the Europeans set up more colonies overseas in order to open markets that were ready to absorb more manufactured goods. Fourthly, more capital was accumulatedfrom trade which provided the funds to pione
20、er the industrial revolution. Finally, in Europe feudalism was ended, so it was time to make some change. British advantages in industrialization In brief, the revolution occurredin Britain due to the stable economic, social, and political stability of the empire. First of all, British domination of
21、 the seas via a strong military force which refers to “Royal Navy of the empire on which the sun never sets”, gave it control of ocean transportation and trade.The fast growing monopoly on ocean trade helped to protect Britain profits. Secondly, the British people renewed their interest in scientifi
22、c discovery and invention, as well as originality. Thirdly, British system of national banks heldclose to its financial security which provided with capital from investments and a surplus of the finances for which to use in commerce on the international scale. Whats more, Britains government, a long
23、-time constitutional monarchy, was just right for the situation. The government was flexible enough to support the new system and to a certain degree accepted asinvisible hand.Last but not least, Great Britain had a large educated workforce to run the machines and create manuals. The Enlightenment n
24、ot only meant a larger educated population but also more modern views on work. Also, those colonies also provided captive markets for the abundance of new goods provided by the industrial revolution in Britain. The process of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a long period duri
25、ng which invention of machinery which could be applied to manufacturing processes. It first began in the textile industry. John Kay invented the flying shuttle (1733) and it speeded handweaving, creating demand for faster yarn spinning. Then it came to the invention of the spinning jenny, in1766, by
26、 the English spinner Hargreaves. In 1769, Richard Arkwright, a barber, patented a device for spinning thread by means of rollers. Then in 1779 Samuel Crompton drew on these two new devices and invented his mule which replaced hand labor altogether. Then Edmund Arkwright established a great factory b
27、y applying power-driven mules and power-driven looms (1784) and he became the Father of Factory system in England. James Watt (1736-1819) modified and improved Newcomers design in 1765 and produced a very efficient steam engine with rotary motion. Stephenson built the first steam locomotive in 1814
28、and the marked the beginning of a new stage of the Industrial Revolution.Because of the British national economic, political, and social state, the country was ready to surmount problems which brought from massive changes of the Industrial Revolution. Due to this revolution, new inventions and innov
29、ations contributed to a more modern outlook on life, self-improvement in the workplace, and got the benefits from a fantastic way of thinking. The people of Britain turned away from the past and look forward to effects of the revolutionary actions.Population Britains population grew 280% during 1550
30、-1820. With the advancement of industry, a new water system, which included a sewer and provided for running water in everyones homes, improved the sanitaryconditions of the city. And discoveries in medicine also provided better treatments of diseases and thus promoting the overall health of British
31、 society. So people lived longer than ever before. And also with new mechanized machinery factories had been built and used to product goods at a miracle speed. They often located in cities which lead to the migration of people from rural landscapes to an urban center. Social Structure The social st
32、ructure of society changed dramatically during the era. As is said before, before the revolution the life is “cottage style”. With the process of industrialization, however, thing changed. The new enclosure lawshad left many poor farmers bankrupt and unemployed, and machines capable of huge outputs
33、madehandicraftsmen redundant. As a result, there were many people who were forced to move to towns and cities in order to work at the new factories. It also meant that they made less money for working longer hours which added to this the higher living expenses due to urbanization, and it can easily be seen that many peoples resources would be extremely tigh
