07providing informationconjunctions.docx
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07providing informationconjunctions.docx
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07providinginformationconjunctions
Session7-ProvidingInformation
Beforeyoureadthearticle,thinkaboutthesetwoquestions:
1.Whatdoyouthinkordinaryworkingpeoplespentmostoftheirfamilybudgetononehundredyearsago?
2.Whatdoyouthinktheyspendmostofitontoday?
ReadthisextractfromanarticleaboutthewaysfamilyspendinghaschangedintheUSsince1900.Checkyouranswerstothequestionsabove.
THEBIGGESTCHANGEINSPENDINGhasbeenintheamountspentonfood,whichhasdeclinedsignificantlyfrom46%ofthetotalfamilybudgetin1901to19%ofcurrenttotalexpenditure.Thisisduetothefactthat
(1)peoplearenowabletobuymoreandbetterfoodsatlowerprices.Asaresultof
(2)thegrowthinfast-foodestablishmentsforexample(3),MacDonald’s,KentuckyFriedChicken)morepeoplearealsoeatingout.Thus(4)about30%oftoday’sfoodbudgetgoesonmealseatenoutsidethehome,whereas(5)ahundredyearsagoitwasonly3%.
Atthebeginningofthelastcentury,fewpeopleownedtheirhomes(onlyaround19%ofworkerfamilies)andtheirowncars(at$1,000percarthiswaswellabovetheaveragefamilyincomeof$650peryear),as(6)mostpeoplewereunabletoborrowmoney.Buttherewasarapidriseinbothhomeandcarownershipduringthemid-1900s.
Leisuretimeincreasedconsiderablyfollowing(7)theshorteningoftheworkingweek,i.e.(8)fromsixdaystofive,andfromtenhourstoeighthoursaday.Infact,thecarproducerHenryFordsoonrealizedthattheworkingdaycouldn’tbetoolong,otherwiseworkerswouldn’thavetimetospendtheirmoney.Theproportionofafamily’sbudgetspentonoutsideentertainmenthasincreasedfromjustunder6%inFord’sdaytoapproximately9%today.Ontheotherhand(9)wespendonlyaquarterofwhatoutgreat-grandparentspaidforreadingmaterials.
Itisdifficulttomakelong-termprojectionsonhowourspendingpatternsmaychangeinthefuture,astherearearesultoftrendsinsocialandeconomicconditions,andofcoursedemography.Intheshortterm,wealreadyknowthatourpopulationisageingandthiswillaffecttheamountofmoneywespendonmedicalcare.But(10)thelong-termconsequencesofnewtechnologiessuchas(11)theInternetandgeneticallymodifiedfoodare,likechangesintastes,unpredictable.
1.Lookatthewordshighlightedinthetextinabove.Matchthemwithwordsfromtheboxthathaveasimilarmeaning.
becauseduetoforinstancelikesowhile
becauseofe.g.howeversincethatistosay
2.Whichwordsinthelist/textcanbeusedto:
a.giveareason?
b.indicateacontrast?
c.stateaconsequence?
d.specifyorgiveanexample?
3.Whichofthewordsinthetextandthelistarelikelytobeusedinspeechaswellasinwriting?
Practice:
Usethenotesinthetableonthenextpagetoexplainthethreetrends.
Makesureyouuseappropriatewordstogiveanexample,giveareason,stateaconsequence,andindicateacontrast.
E.g.
1.MorepeoplearetakingholidaystoexoticlocationssuchasIndia.Thisisbecauseairtravelischeaper
2.
3.
1
2
3
Trend
Morepeoplearetalkingholidaystoexoticlocations
Morepeopleareeatingoutmorethanonceamonth
PeopleintheWestarehavingfewerchildren
Example
SouthernIndia,SEAsia,andLatinAmericaareallverypopulardestinations
Over50%of25to40-year-oldseatouttwiceamonth
Averagenumberofchildrenperwoman,1995–2000:
Spain1.15,Italy1.20,Yemen7.60,Somalia7.25,Uganda7.10
Reason
Airtravelisbecomingmuchcheaper,peoplewantmorefromtheirleisuretime
Peoplehavemoremoneyandlesstimetocook,fewerwomenstayathomeallday
Morewomenareworking,peoplewantmorefreedomandchoiceintheirlifestyles
Consequence
Changestotheeconomyandenvironmentofdestinationcountries
Morerestaurantsareopeningup(increaseinchoice)
Infuturetherewillbemoreolderpeopleandfewertax-payerstosupportthem(theaverage%ofpopulationagedover65inEuropeisaround17%)
Contrast
Fewerpeoplearetakingholidaysintheirowncountry
Morepeoplearealsobuyingfrozen,ready-toeatmeals
Birthrateisstillgoingupindevelopingcountries,morechildrensurvivinginfancycomparedto50yearsago
Factandopinion
Whenweprepareorreadareportorletter,itisimportanttodistinguishthefactsfromopinion.
Forexample:
MrChoi:
“Ifeelitisanextremelynoisycopier.”
MrChoi:
“Accordingtomyrecords,therewere8%spoiltcopiesinJune.”
Expressionssuchas:
Inmyview
Inmyopinion
Itseemstome(that)…
Ibelieve(that)..
Ifeel(that)…
tellusthatthespeakerisonlygivinganopinion.
Readthefollowingshortreportandcompletethetable.
ATTENDANCEATTRAININGCOURSES
Thecompanycertainlyhasaproblemwithstaffattendanceatspecialtrainingcourses.Thisisparticularlytrueforthesupervisors’afternooncollegecourses.Thecollegehasreportedaslittleas30%attendanceonsomecourses.Ithinkthereareanumberofreasonsforthissituation.Firstofall,Ihavethefeelingthatthecourseisnotmadeinterestingorrelevantforourstaff.Secondly,thetimingofthecourseonFridayafternoonsisnotsuitablebecausethetraineesaretiredattheendoftheweek.Afurtherpointisthedistanceofthecollegefromthefactory.Itisnearlyonehour’sjourney.Andfinally,itismyviewthatmanyofthesupervisorsattendingthesecoursesarenotsuitableforthem.Theworkistoohardforthem.
Information
fact
Opinion
Poorcourseattendanceatsupervisor’scourse
Coursenotinterestingorrelevant
Coursebadlytime-tabled
Collegetoofarfromthefactory
Supervisorsnotgoodenoughforcourse
Dothesamethingforthefollowingtable:
COMPANYSUGGESTIONSCHEME
ThepresentSuggestionschemeatMarchDepartmentStoreshasbeenafailure.Thisisevidencedbyboththelownumberofsuggestionsmadein2001(26)andthelownumberofsuccessfulsuggestions(5).Aboveall,thisfailureisdue,itseemstome,tothelowstateofstaffmoraleatthemoment.Thereareanumberofotherreasons.First,therearenoguidelinesformakingsuggestionswhichwouldmakeiteasierforthestaff.Second,therewardsforsuccessfulsuggestions(HK$400–800)havenotincreasedforfiveyears.Lastly,itismyviewthattheSuggestionSchemeCommitteeisnotsuitableanddoesnothavetheconfidenceofthestaff.
Information
fact
Opinion
SuggestionSchemeafailure
Failureduetolowstateofstaffmorale
Lackofguidelines
Lowrewardsforsuccessfulsuggestions
Unsuitablecommittee
Canyouaddanyexpressionstothelistonpage1?
Notedownanyexpressionsweusetointroduceafact:
Note:
Ifsomeonetellsyousomethingwhichyoudon’tknowisafactoranopinion,youcanusethefollowingphrases:
Accordingto…
Apparently…(suggeststhatperhapsyoudon’tbelieveityourself)
Lookatthefollowingextractsfromameeting.Decidewhetherwhatwassaidwasfactoropinion,andwriteasentenceforeach.
E.g.
“Well,profitsarecertainlyupfromlastquarter–4%accordingtoAccounts–whichIthinkreallysignalsthattheworstoftheSARScrisisisover.”
Profitsareupby4%fromlastquarter,whichinmyviewsignalsthattheworstoftheSARScrisisisover.
1.“Staffmoraleishigherthanitwastwomonthsago.”(HRDirector)
2.“We’vesoldfewerunitsthismonth.”(AssistantSalesManager)
3.“Petersaysthatwe’regettingquickeratdealingwithcomplaintseffectively.”
4.“Ireallythinkthatweneedtoexpandouroffices:
we’vegot15peopleworkinginaspacedesignedforonlyten,andtwonewmembersofstaffarestartingnextmonth.”(OperationsManager)
5.“There’snowaythattheprojectwillwork–I’veseenthissortofthingbefore,anditalwaysfails.”
ReasonandPurpose
Reasons:
becauseof
owingto
dueto
REASON
ThefailureoftheSuggestionSchemeisduetothelowlevelofreward
RESULT
Purpose:
inorderto
soasto
PURPOSE
Thecompanycontinuedleasinginordertoavoidmakingtaxpayments
SITUATION
Completethesentencesbychoosingareason/purposebelow,andusingoneoftheconjunctionsabove.
difficulttradingconditions
assessthecostsofphotocopies
poormaintenance
uncleartermsofreference
lowstaffattendance
improvetrainingmethods
1Areportwasmade
E.g.Areportwasmadeinordertoassessthecostsofphotocopiers
2Thetrainingcentrewasestablished
3Thereportwasafailure
4Thetrainingcoursewascancelled
4Outputwentdown
5Thephotocopierwasinefficient
CauseandEffect
CAUSEEFFECT
IneffectivemanagementPoorProfits
Managementwasineffectivewhichresultedin/causedpoorprofits
EFFECTCAUSE
PoorProfitsIneffectivemanagement
Poorprofitsresultedfrom/werecausedbyineffectivemanagement
Linkthefollowingideasinasimilarway:
1UncleartermsofreferenceUnsatisfactoryreport
E.g.Uncleartermsofreferenceresultedinanunsatisfactoryreport.
2LowdemandExpensiveproduct
3ThehighlevelofleasingHigherleveloftaxation
4LackofinterestintheSuggestionLowstaffmorale
scheme
5ThesuccessofthereportCarefulplanning
Practice:
Expandthenotesbelowtomakeasentencewithtwolinkedideas,ortwoseparatesentences.Linkthesentencesorideastogether,usingthefollowingconnectors:
consequentlyasbecausethereforesohowever
sinceasaresultontheotherhandalthough
E.g.
a)Lastfiveyears–seriousaccidents–nuclearpowe
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