上海大学研究生网络阅读补充阅读 完整版整理.docx
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上海大学研究生网络阅读补充阅读 完整版整理.docx
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上海大学研究生网络阅读补充阅读完整版整理
1.Onlinesocialnetworkingnewlifestyle
AwomanlooksattheMySpacewebsiteinthisundatedphoto.Onlinesocialnetworkingwebsitessawtheirranksswellandvaluessoarthisyearaseveryonefrommoodyteenagersandmellowmusicloverstomate-seekingseniorsjoinedonlinecommunities.
Google'sfreshlyreleased"Zeitgeist2007"revealsthatsevenoutofthe10hottesttopicswhichtriggeredInternetqueriesduringtheyearinvolvedsocialnetworking.
ATopTenlistcompiledbytheworld'smost-usedsearchengineincludesBritishwebsiteBadoo,Spanish-languageHi5,andUS-basedFacebook.
Video-sharingwebsitesYouTubeandDailymotionareonthelist,alongwiththeClubPenguinonlineroleplayinggamewherechildrenpretendingtobetheflightlessbirds"waddleaboutandplay"together.
VirtualworldSecondLife,wherepeoplerepresentedbyanimatedproxiesinteractindigitizedfantasysettings,isthefinalsocialnetworkingpropertyintheZeitgeistTopTen.
Theworldhasonlyseen"thetipoftheiceberg"whenitcomestoonlinesocialnetworking,saysMySpacevicepresidentofbusinessdevelopmentAmitKapur.
"ItisanaturalstepintheevolutionoftheWeb,"Kapursaid.
"TheWebisgettingmorepersonal.IthinkyouaregoingtoseemuchmoreofthathappenoneverywebsiteacrosstheWeb."
MySpaceaspirestobecomepeople'shomesontheInternet,withprofilepagesservingasonlineaddressesaswellasspringboardstoonlinemusic,video,newsandothercontentconducivetotheirtastesandinterests.
"Itisanext-generationportal,"Kapursaid.
IndustrystatisticsshowFacebookmembershipmorethandoubledinthepastyeartoabout55million,whilereigningchampionMySpacegrew30percenttotop110million.
OneineveryfourUSresidentsusesMySpace,whileinBritainitisascommontohaveaprofilepageonthewebsiteasitistoownadog.
"Weareverysocialanimalsandthisallowsustorampituptoawholeotherorderofmagnitude,"saysprofessorJeremyBailenson,whoheadsaVirtualHumanInteractionLabatStanfordUniversityinNorthernCalifornia.
Astrongappealofonlinerole-playinggamesandvirtualworldsisthattheyfreepeopleto"interactastheiridealselfandnottheirrealself,"accordingtoBailenson.
"Youcanbewhateverageyouwant--20forever--dressanywayyouwant,beanygenderyouwant,andbesocializingwithzillionsofpeopleatonceallthetime,"Bailensonsaid.
Hislabhascreated3-dimensionaldigitizedmodelscustomizedwithpeople'sfacialexpressionsandmannerisms.
"Youcanmakeadigitalversionofyouthatisanimatedsoyourgrandkids'grandkidscouldputonahelmetandyoucanreadthemastoryfromthegrave,"Bailensonsaid,addingvirtualcommunitiesofferasenseofimmortality.
"Peoplelovevirtualcommunity."
Interestinonlinecommunitiessurgedin2007asthegregariousnatureofhumansmergedwithincreasinglyavailablehigh-speedInternetandaffordablecomputinghardware,accordingtoBailenson.
"Ithasreachedacriticalmass,"Bailensonsaid."Itisnotjustthegeeksdoingit.Itismymom."
California-basedsocialnetworkingwebsiteBOOMjjustlaunchedasanonlinecommunityforBabyBoomers,thefirstofwhichturned65yearsoldthisyear.
"Boomersgrewupmeetingpeoplethroughmutualfriends,whichalotoftimesmeantitwasthebartender,"saidBOOMjspokesmanJimWelch,himselfa"boomer."
"NowyouhaveBoomersre-enteringthesingleworld,widowedordivorce,andonnew-relationshipterraintheyhaven'tsetfootoninmanyyears.Astheyre-enterthesingleworldtheyreachouttotheInternet."
YoungergenerationsaremuchmorecomfortablewiththeInternet,whichhaswovenevermoretightlyintotheirlifestyles.
"Itwon'treplacefacetofaceinteraction,"Bailensonsaid.
"Itisanotherwayofthinkingaboutmaintainingsocialrelationships.Itishereanditisnotgoinganywhere."
ForresterResearchsenioranalystJeremiahOwyangsaidthesocialnetworkingrageishappening"whereeverthereishigh-speedInternet."
OwyangsaidmembershipatthewebsiteCyworldincludes85percentofSouthKorea'sInternetusers.AmajorcompanyinthatcountrygaveemployeesannualbonusesintheformCyworldcurrency.
Onlinecommunitiesandvirtualworldsareforumsforcommerce,advertisingandbusinessmeetings,saidOwyang.
MySpace'sKapursayssocialnetworkingwillbecomeincreasinglyglobalandmobileastheuseofInternet-linkedhandhelddevicesbecomesubiquitous.
Themeteoricriseinpopularityofsocialnetworkingwebsitesisdrivinguptheirvaluesinthemindsofinvestorsasthefirmsgrapplewithhowtocashinonmembershipbases.
Microsoftrecentlypaid240milliondollarsfora1.6percentstakeinFacebookandHongKongbillionaireLiKa-shingpaid60milliondollarsforapieceoftheSanFranciscocompany.
Theinvestmentsgivethree-year-oldFacebookatheoreticalvalueof15billiondollars.NewsCorp-ownedMySpacewouldn'tdiscloseitsvalue,sayingonlyithasabouttriplethemembershipandactivityofFacebook.
ChoosingacollegeMajor:
forloveorformoney
[1]Likecountlessothercollegestudents,Lloyd-Susannahstruggledwithherchoiceofmajor.FinallyinherjunioryearatLoyolaUniversityinChicago,adecisionthat“openedmymindandintroducedmetoothercultures,”shesaid.Morethantwoyearsaftergraduation,though,Ms.Lloyd-Jones,nowa24-year-oldparalegalfromMaplewood,N.J.,occasionallywondersifshemadetherightdecision."ItmighthavebeeneasierifIhadbeenabusinessmajor,"shesaid,"becausethat'swherethemoneyis.”
[2]Ms.Lloyd-Jonessaysifshehadittodoover,shewouldprobablystillstudysociologybuttakemorebusinessclassesandworksomeinternships.Shesaidstudentsfeeltremendouspressureoverthechoiceofamajor,whichcouldbeanimportantcareerdecision,whichcouldbeanimportantcareerdecision,whenmanyarejustbeginningtounderstandthemselves.
[3]Manystudentsandcareercounselorssaythepressuretochoosethe"right"majorismoreintensethaneverbecauseoffactorslikerisingtuitioncostsandtheuncertaineconomy.Parentsandstudentstodayoftenconsidercollegemoreaninvestmentthanatimeofacademicandpersonalexploration.Somestudentssaytheyareeducationconsumersseekingthebestreturnonthatinvestment,whichisoftenfinancedwithastudentloan.
[4]Theannualcostofafour-yearpubliccollegeaverages$11,354,a7.8percentincreasefrom2003-1,accordingtotheCollegeBoard;afour-yearprivatecollegeaverages$27,516,a5.6percentincrease.
[5]Intheirrecentlypublished"CollegeMajorsHandbookWithRealCareerPathsanoffs"(JistPublishing),threeeconomistsfromNortheasternUniversityinBostontrytoquantifyjusthowmuchstudentswithavarietyofmajorscanexpecttoearnintheircareers.Theauthorsconcludedthatchoosingamajorwasmorecrucialtofuturefinancialsuccessthanthecollegeattended.
[6]Oneoftheauthors,PaulE.Harrington,aneconomistandassociatedirectorCenterforLaborMarketStudiesatNortheastern,saidthat,onaverage,humanitiesandeducationmajorsfaredfarworsefinanciallythanstudentsinbusinessorengineering.[7]In2002,workerswithdegreesinchemicalengineeringandaccountingwereonthehighend,earninganaverageof$75,579and$63,486,respectively.Onthelowend,philosophymajorsmadeanaverageof$42,865andelementaryeducationgraduates$38,746.
[8]Mr.Harringtonsaidtheresearchwasnotintendedtodissuadesociologymajorfromfollowingtheirpassions.Instead,hehopestheinformationwillhelpstudentspreparecarefullywhenchoosingamajor.Herecommendsthatstudentscontemplatingmajorsintheliberalartsorhumanitiesalsotakesomebusiness-orientedcourses.Aphilosophymajor,Mr.Harringtonsaid,shouldprobablygetsomereal-worldinternshipexperience.
[9]"Theworldisamoreunforgivingplacethanitusedtobe,andinvestmentcostsaretoohighforfouryearsofdrift,"hesaid."Ifastudentdoesn'ttaketherightsequenceofmathcoursesinhighschool,theycanloseoutonthebestjobs.”
[10]Butsomepeopleworrythatchoosingacareerbasedprimarilyoneconomicfactorscanleadstudentstomakepoorchoices.JieunChai,a2000StanfordUniversitygraduates,forinstance,deeplyregretsnotmajoringinAsianlanguages.
r
[11]"I'msoangryatmyselfforgivingintopeerpressure,parentalpressureandsocietalpressure,”Ms.ChaiwroteonherWebjournal."Whyareyoutakingonlylanguageclasses?
Thinkaboutyourcareerinconsulting,engineering,medicineorlaw."
[12]AlyshaCryer,whowasMs.Lloyd-Jones'sroommateatLoyola,withstoodpressurefromclassmatesandfamilymemberswhourgedhertoattendlawschoolorstudybusiness.
[13]Ms.Cryersaidthatstickingwithsociologywasthemostsatisfying,ifnotfinanciallyrewarding,decisionshecouldhavemade.
[14]Aftergraduatingin2002,shetookapublicrelationsandmarketingjobatanonprofitorganizationinChicagocalledLittleBrothers,agroupthatmatchesvolunteerswithelderlycli¬ents.Herstartingsalarywas$24,000,barelyenoughtosurviveinChicago.In2003,shemovedtoManhattantoworkforCatalyst,anonprofitresearchandadvisoryorganization."Witheducationsoexpensive,manyinmygenerationaremiredindebt,"Ms.Cryersaid."Somepeoplechoosetosacrificepersonalhappinesstomakemoney."
[15]PeterVogt,acareercounselorinMinneapolisandthemoderatorontheCareerPlanningforCollegeStudentsmessageboardatMonster,com,aWebsiteforjobseekers,saysmanyofhis20-somethingclientsthinktheyhavesquanderedtheircollegeyearsonthewrongstudies.
[16]"Theythinktheyonlyhaveonechanceand
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