佛兰德社会住房的未来外文翻译中英文论文对照翻译.docx
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佛兰德社会住房的未来外文翻译中英文论文对照翻译.docx
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佛兰德社会住房的未来外文翻译中英文论文对照翻译
中文2890字
本科毕业设计(论文)
外文翻译
原文:
ThefutureofFlemishsocialhousing
1.Abstract
Belgiansocialhousinghasahistoryofmorethan100years.Since1980housingpolicybelongstotheresponsibilitiesoftheregions.Inthisarticle,welookatsocialhousinginFlanders,thelargestofthethreeBelgianregions.
ComparedtomanyEuropeancountries,theshareofsocialhousinginthehousingstock(5.6%)inFlandersislimited.Socialhousingissuppliedmainlybyprivateorganizations,whichworkwithinarathertightregulatorysystem.InvestmentsarelargelysubsidisedbytheFlemishgovernment.Thesocialhousingsupplyismainlytargetedtowardslowerincomehouseholds,whichpayincome-dependentrents.
ThisarticlestartswithadescriptionofdifferentdefinitionsandmodelsofsocialhousingandthewaytheFlemishsocialhousingsectorischaracterizeduntilnowNextabriefhistoricaloverviewofsocialhousingpolicyinBelgiumandFlandersisgiven,thecurrentdebateonsocialhousinginFlandersisbrieflydescribedandrecentfiguresontheprofileofFlemishsocialhousingarepresented.InanextsectiontheFlemishsocialrentedsectorispositionedintheinternationalcontext.Thearticleendswithadiscussionofpolicyoptions.ThiscontributionislargelybasedonaresearchcarriedoutfortheFlemishgovernmentfirsthalfof2005.ThereasonbehindthestudywastheintentionoftheMinisterofHousingtoreformtheregulatoryframeworkofFlemishsocialhousing.TheresearcherswereaskedtoadvisetheMinisterconcerningdemarcationofthetargetgroup,theallocationsystem,rentsettingandthedegreeoflocalautonomyregardingrentsettingandallocation.CompleteresultsofthestudyareavailableinWintersetal.(2007).
2.Modelsofsocialhousing
Theterm„„socialhousing‟‟coversawiderangeofinitiativeswithinEurope,aimedatgoodquality,affordablehousing.Muchhasbeenwrittenintheliteratureabouttheneedanddefinitionofsocialhousing.MaclennanandMore(1997)claimthatsocialhousingisneededwhenthesociallydesiredneedsforhousingexceedtheeffectivelydesireddemandforhousing.Ingeneral,itisagreedthatthismeansaffordablehousingforvulnerablegroups.Afurthersearchoftheliteratureproducesvariousdefinitionsofsocialhousing(see,forexample,Oxley2000).Whatisnoticeableisthatviewsarefarfromunanimous.Thus,forexample,socialhousingcanrefertobothrentingandpurchasing.Theunchangeablerealityofthecity-stateareneverthelessitslandlimitationsofonly700squarekilometres,asaresultofwhichthepublichousing‟shigh-densityandhigh-riseformislikelytoberetained.Yet,thisformissustainablegivenitsinherentpopularityandestablishedfamiliarity.Theownerofthosehomescanbeapublicorprivateownerandcanbelookingtomakeaprofitinhisbusinessmanagement,ornot.Moreover,theaffordabilityofhousingcanbearrangedbysupplysubsidiesaswellasdemandsubsidies.Intheremainderofthisarticleweholdthefollowingdefinition:
allrentaldwellingsallocatedbyneedandnotbymarketmechanisms.
Socialhousinghasdifferentshapesindifferentcountries;socialhousingasauniversalisticandasafetynetmodelaredistinguishedforexample.Withintheuniversalisticmodeladifferencecanbemadebetweensocialhousingasforemployeesandhousingforall(Czischke2005;Whitehead2007).Ghekie`re(2007)providesatypologyforsocialhousinginEurope.Hedistinguishesthreeconcept.Thefirstistheresidualconceptstrivingtocopewithaclearlyoutlinedsocialdemandthatisrestrictedtothemostdisadvantagedpersonswhoaregenerallyexcludedfromahousingmarketcharacterizedbyastrongpredominanceofhomeowneroccupationandanonregulatedprivaterentalmarket.Thesecondisthegeneralistconcept.Globalisationhasfurtheraffectedthesentimentsofgovernmentstowardstheglobalmarketandinducedthemtomodernisetheirinstitutionalarrangementsinordertobeabletocompeteintheglobaleconomicenvironment.Thisimpliestargetingasocialdemandbuttoalargerextentofpublicintervention,thisconcepthasanimpactonthehousingsupplynamelyintermsofpriceandquality.Thelastconceptistheuniversalone.Thisconceptisintendedtoguaranteethehousingsupplyfortheentirepopulationwithbothacomplementaryoffertowhatthemarketprovidesandtheregulationoftheentirehousingmarket.
3.TheFlemishSocialRentedSectorInanInternationalPerspective
HowdoestheFlemishsocialrentalsectorcomparetosocialrentinginothercountries?
ThissectiondescribesFlandersinaninternationalperspectivebycomparingitwithfiveothercountries;someofthemwithsmallsocialrentalsectors(Ireland,SpainandGermany),otherswithlargersector(UKandNetherlands)(seeWintersetal.2007).Theaimistodescribedifferentfeaturesofthesocialrentalsectorinthesecountries,searchingforthedifferencesandsignsofdualandunitarymodels.
IntheNetherlandsandtheUK,thesocialrentedsectoroccupiesalargermarketshare,i.e.35%and20%ofthehousingstock,asshowninTable1.Inbothcountries,weseeatrendtowardsadeclineinsocialrenteddwellingsownedbythegovernment.IntheNetherlands,themunicipalhousingcompanieshavevirtuallydisappearedand,intheUK,thenumberofRSLs(registeredsociallandlords)isgraduallyincreasing.Thesecurrentlymanage6%oftheUKhousingstock.OnedifferencebetweentheUKandtheNetherlandsisthatthesocialrentedsectorfulfilsasafetynetfunctionintheformercaseand,inthelatter,itisaccessibletomanytargetgroups.
InSpain,GermanyandIreland,asinFlanders,thesocialrentedsectorismodestin
scope,varyingbetween3%and9%.However,majordifferencesexistbetweenthesocialrentedsectorsinthesecountries.InGermanyandSpain,adynamicsocialrentedsectorexists,whichismanagedbyprivatelandlords.Dwellingsarebuiltwithasubsidyandkeptaffordableforacertainperiodandtheyarealsothesubjectofdwellingallocationrules.Attheendofthisperiod,thesedwellingsarefree.InIreland,thesocialrentedsectorfulfilsthefunctionofasocialsafetynetandthesectorisownedbylocalauthorities.ThesocialrentedsectorintheNetherlandshasanunclearcharacter;ontheonehandamaximumincomecriterionapplies,ontheotherhandpriorityrulesapplytoweakgroups.
4.Housingpolicy
Theformationofhousingpolicy,fromthediscussiondocumentsoftheNationalHousingForumof1992throughtorecentBills,showsarapidandconsistentshiftfromaholisticapproachtothemanyneedsofthepreviouslymarginalisedofthecountrytoamorerigidandbureaucraticsetofframeworks.TheRDPsuggestsanintegratedvisionfortheupliftmentofpeople,whereastheHousingWhitePaperof1994which,whileitincludesreferencetothesemanyfactors(egfinancial,environmental,servicing,jobcreation,educationandotherfacilities),essentiallyfocusesonthesinglemeasurableobjectiveofprovidingonemillionhousesinfiveyears.Questionableinthisobjectiveisthemeasureof"house",giventheprovisothathousingdeliverymustbeincremental,andthat:
"OnlyalimitedStatesubsidycontributiontowardsthecostofahouseispossible"(DepartmentofHousing1994:
20).ItisdebatablewhethertheshiftinpolicyfromtheRDPtotheHousingWhitePaperreflectsdifferencesinpolicybetweentheoveralldirectiontakenbygovernmentandbytheDepartmentofHousing,orwhetherthelogisticsofmeetingtheRDPidealsweresubsequentlyreviewedinthelightoffiscalrestraint.Whicheverinterpretationisaccurate,theconsequencesmustbeseenasanunrealisableraisingofexpectations,forbothbeneficiariesandtheemploymentsectors.
5.Market
Marketisregardedastheoldestco-ordinationmechanism.Itcreatescompetitionamongproducerstousetheresourcesinthemostefficientwayinordertoproducethecheapestgoodsofthesamestandards.Itisalsoarguedthatthemarketmechanismcanachieveequityamongdifferentbuyersandsellers.“ThemarketisanimpersonalforcelikeNature,akintoaneconomicgamewithwinnersandlosers,whoseoutcomecanbegoodorbad,butneverjustorunjust”(Barr,1987,p.46).InVeljanovski‟swords,thejusticeofthemarketshouldrefertotheequalityofopportunityandnotofoutcomes.“Inthemarketeveryoneisofferedthesameopportunitiestoachievehisorherobjectives,butitdoesnotmeanthateveryoneshouldbeguaranteedasuccessinachievinghisorhergoals”(Veljanovski,1987).Itisbelievedthatthemostimportantadvantagesofthemarketmechanismlieinthevirtuesofcompetitionandanidealisedpatternofexchangeandincentives(Peters,1996).Theeconomicdifficultiesinthe1970sand1980sforcedpeopletorethinktherelationshipbetweenstateandmarket.Itacceleratedaradicalmoveawayfrominterventionistmarketismtotackletheproblems,whichwerebelievedtobecausedbyover-interventionofthestate.Marketsagaincametobeseenasthemostefficientmeansoforganisingmodernsocieties.Stateinterventionwasthoughttodomoreharmthangood(Boyer,1996).Thisledtoasurgeofreformsallovertheworldinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,marketandplannedeconomies.Globalisationhasfurtheraffectedthesentimentsofgovernmentstowardstheglobalmarketandinducedthemtomodernisetheirinstitutionalarrangementsinordertobeabletocompeteintheglobaleconomicenvironment.Thesecombinedfactorshaveledtothesimilarityintrendsinhousinggovernancearoundtheworldinthe1990sandonwards.
6.Discussion
Flemishsocialhousingtodaycannotbesimplypigeon-holedintooneofthemodels.TheresultpresentedhereprovidemostsupportforclassificationofGhekie`re(2007):
theFlemishsocialrentalsectorisstill
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