1、佛兰德社会住房的未来外文翻译中英文论文对照翻译中文2890字本科毕业设计（论文）外 文 翻 译原文：The future of Flemish social housing1 .AbstractBelgian social housing has a history of more than 100 years.Since 1980 housing policy belongs to the responsibilities of the regions.In this article，we look at social housing in Flanders，the largest of t
2、he three Belgian regions.Compared to many European countries，the share of social housing in the housing stock(5.6%) in Flanders is limited.Social housing is supplied mainly by private organizations，which work within a rather tight regulatory system.Investments are largely subsidised by the Flemish g
3、overnment.The social housing supply is mainly targeted towards lower income households，which pay income-dependent rents.This article starts with a description of different definitions and models of social housing and the way the Flemish social housing sector is characterized until now Next a brief h
4、istorical overview of social housing policy in Belgium and Flanders is given，the current debate on social housing in Flanders is briefly described and recent figures on the profile of Flemish social housing are presented.In a next section the Flemish social rented sector is positioned in the interna
5、tional context.The article ends with a discussion of policy options.This contribution is largely based on a research carried out for the Flemish government first half of 2005.The reason behind the study was the intention of the Minister of Housing to reform the regulatory framework of Flemish social
6、 housing.The researchers were asked to advise the Minister concerning demarcation of the target group，the allocation system，rent setting and the degree of local autonomy regarding rent setting and allocation.Complete results of the study are available in Winters et al.(2007).2.Models of social housi
7、ngThe termsocial housingcovers a wide range of initiatives within Europe，aimed at good quality，affordable housing.Much has been written in the literature about the need and definition of social housing.Maclennan and More (1997) claim that social housing is needed when the socially desired needs for
8、housing exceed the effectively desired demand for housing.In general，it is agreed that this means affordable housing for vulnerable groups.A further search of the literature produces various definitions of social housing (see，for example，Oxley 2000).What is noticeable is that views are far from unan
9、imous.Thus，for example，social housing can refer to both renting and purchasing. The unchangeable reality of the city-state are nevertheless its land limitations of only 700 square kilometres, as a result of which the public housings high-density and high-rise form is likely to be retained. Yet, this
10、 form is sustainable given its inherent popularity and established familiarity.The owner of those homes can be a public or private owner and can be looking to make a profit in his business management，or not.Moreover，the affordability of housing can be arranged by supply subsidies as well as demand s
11、ubsidies.In the remainder of this article we hold the following definition:all rental dwellings allocated by need and not by market mechanisms.Social housing has different shapes in different countries；social housing as a universalistic and a safety net model are distinguished for example.Within the
12、 universalistic model a difference can be made between social housing as for employees and housing for all (Czischke 2005；Whitehead 2007).Ghekiere (2007) provides a typology for social housing in Europe.He distinguishes three concept.The first is the residual concept striving to cope with a clearly
13、outlined social demand that is restricted to the most disadvantaged persons who are generally excluded from a housing market characterized by a strong predominance of home owner occupation and a non regulated private rental market.The second is the generalist concept. Globalisation has further affec
14、ted the sentiments of governments towards the global market and induced them to modernise their institutional arrangements in order to be able to compete in the global economic environment. This implies targeting a social demand but to a larger extent of public intervention，this concept has an impac
15、t on the housing supply namely in terms of price and quality.The last concept is the universal one.This concept is intended to guarantee the housing supply for the entire population with both a complementary offer to what the market provides and the regulation of the entire housing market.3.The Flem
16、ish Social Rented Sector In an International PerspectiveHow does the Flemish social rental sector compare to social renting in other countries?This section describes Flanders in an international perspective by comparing it with five other countries；some of them with small social rental sectors (Irel
17、and，Spain and Germany)，others with larger sector (UK and Netherlands) (see Winters et al.2007).The aim is to describe different features of the social rental sector in these countries，searching for the differences and signs of dual and unitary models.In the Netherlands and the UK，the social rented s
18、ector occupies a larger market share，i.e.35% and 20% of the housing stock，as shown in Table 1.In both countries，we see a trend towards a decline in social rented dwellings owned by the government.In the Netherlands，the municipal housing companies have virtually disappeared and，in the UK，the number o
19、f RSLs (registered social landlords) is gradually increasing.These currently manage 6% of the UK housing stock.One difference between the UK and the Netherlands is that the social rented sector fulfils a safety net function in the former case and，in the latter，it is accessible to many target groups.
20、In Spain，Germany and Ireland，as in Flanders，the social rented sector is modest inscope，varying between 3% and 9%.However，major differences exist between the social rented sectors in these countries.In Germany and Spain，a dynamic social rented sector exists，which is managed by private landlords.Dwell
21、ings are built with a subsidy and kept affordable for a certain period and they are also the subject of dwelling allocation rules.At the end of this period，these dwellings are free.In Ireland，the social rented sector fulfils the function of a social safety net and the sector is owned by local author
22、ities.The social rented sector in the Netherlands has an unclear character； on the one hand a maximum income criterion applies，on the other hand priority rules apply to weak groups.4.Housing policyThe formation of housing policy，from the discussion documents of the National Housing Forum of 1992 thr
23、ough to recent Bills，shows a rapid and consistent shift from a holistic approach to the many needs of the previously marginalised of the country to a more rigid and bureaucratic set of frameworks.The RDP suggests an integrated vision for the upliftment of people，whereas the Housing White Paper of 19
24、94 which，while it includes reference to these many factors (eg financial，environmental，servicing，job creation，education and other facilities),essentially focuses on the single measurable objective of providing one million houses in five years.Questionable in this objective is the measure ofhouse，giv
25、en the proviso that housing delivery must be incremental，and that:Only a limited State subsidy contribution towards the cost of a house is possible (Department of Housing 1994:20).It is debatable whether the shift in policy from the RDP to the Housing White Paper reflects differences in policy betwe
26、en the overall direction taken by government and by the Department of Housing，or whether the logistics of meeting the RDP ideals were subsequently reviewed in the light of fiscal restraint.Whichever interpretation is accurate，the consequences must be seen as an unrealisable raising of expectations，f
27、or both beneficiaries and the employment sectors.5MarketMarket is regarded as the oldest co-ordination mechanism.It creates competition among producers to use the resources in the most efficient way in order to produce the cheapest goods of the same standards.It is also argued that the market mechan
28、ism can achieve equity among different buyers and sellers.“The market is an impersonal force like Nature，akin to an economic game with winners and losers，whose outcome can be good or bad，but never just or unjust” (Barr，1987，p.46).In Veljanovskis words，the justice of the market should refer to the eq
29、uality of opportunity and not of outcomes.“In the market everyone is offered the same opportunities to achieve his or her objectives，but it does not mean that everyone should be guaranteed a success in achieving his or her goals” (Veljanovski，1987).It is believed that the most important advantages o
30、f the market mechanism lie in the virtues of competition and an idealised pattern of exchange and incentives (Peters，1996).The economic difficulties in the 1970s and 1980s forced people to rethink the relationship between state and market.It accelerated a radical move away from interventionist marke
31、tism to tackle the problems，which were believed to be caused by over-intervention of the state.Markets again came to be seen as the most efficient means of organising modern societies.State intervention was thought to do more harm than good (Boyer，1996).This led to a surge of reforms all over the wo
32、rld in both developed and developing countries，market and planned economies.Globalisation has further affected the sentiments of governments towards the global market and induced them to modernise their institutional arrangements in order to be able to compete in the global economic environment.Thes
33、e combined factors have led to the similarity in trends in housing governance around the world in the 1990s and onwards.6.DiscussionFlemish social housing today cannot be simply pigeon-holed into one of the models.The result presented here provide most support for classification of Ghekiere (2007):the Flemish social rental sector is still
