跨文化交际案例和翻译答案.docx
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跨文化交际案例和翻译答案.docx
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跨文化交际案例和翻译答案
Unit1
Case1
JustasDr.Strengernoticesthatovertherecentyearspeoplearoundtheworldhavebeensufferingfromanincreasingfearoftheirown“insignificance”.Ashumanswenaturallymeasureourselvestothosearoundus,butnowweliveinaglobalvillageandwearecomparingourselveswiththemostsignificantpeopleintheworld—andfindingourselveswanting.Inthepastbeingalawyerordoctorwasaveryreputableprofession.Buttoday,evenhighachieversconstantlyfearthattheyareinsignificantwhentheycomparethemselvestosuccessstoriesinthemedia.
Theremedy,accordingtoDr.Strenger,isaprocessthathecalls“activeself-acceptance”throughasustainedquestforself-knowledgethroughlife.Thefearforinsignificancecanonlybeovercomethroughstrongindividualandculturalidentityoverandabovemeasurableachievement.Hebelievesthatpeopleneedtoinvestasmuchtimeindevelopingtheirworldviewastheircareers.
Case2
TheDutchmanagerwasshockedbecausehethoughthehadn’ttoldtheteamtobuilditinacertainway,hesimplyhadaskedifitcouldbedone!
Hehadneverquestionedthewayinwhichhecommunicatedtotheheadofhistechnologygroup.Infact,hethoughthehadbeenaskingsimplequestions,almostmakingidleconversation,andneverconsideredthatbecausehewastheboss,hisIndianemployeewoulddoasheasked.Heexpectedthatthetechnologydesignteamwouldcounter反驳withanotherrecommendationifhisideawasinappropriate.HeneverrealizedthatintheIndianculturesuchachallengerarelyisforthcoming即将到来.
Themisunderstandingstookplacebecauseculturalbarriersgotintheway.Totakefulladvantageoftheopportunitiesthattheglobalenvironmentoffered,boththeDutchandtheIndianteamsneededtohaveabetterunderstandingoftheculturallybasedexpectationsofeachgroup.
Inthiscase,theDutchmanagerwouldhavebeenmoresuccessfulifhehadasked,“Whatkindofplatformdoyousuggest?
”RatherthanriskingthathisIndianemployeewoulddisagreewiththesuggestionhemade,thisapproachwouldhaveallowedforarespectfuldialogue.TheDutchmanagershouldhaveknownthatIndiansrarelydisagreeorsaynobecausetheircommunicationstyleisindirect,andriskingdisharmonyisconsideredunpleasantandunseemly(不得体的,不合时宜的).TheycouldhavesavedmillionsofdollarsandpreventedmonthsoffrustrationiftheDutchmanagerhadbeenculturallyastute(机敏的,精明的)enoughtomanagethemultinationaltalentpoolavailabletohim.
Bythesametoken,iftheIndianseniormanagerhadunderstoodthatamanagerinanegalitarian(平等主义的)culturesuchastheDutch(unlikeIndia’smorehierarchalone)expectsacollaborativeeffortfromhisemployees,evenifitrequiresdisagreement,hewouldhaveavoidedtheproblemaswell.
Case3
Advancesininformationtechnologyarebringingaboutchangesincontemporarysocietythatposenewsituationsrequiringinterculturalcommunicationexpertise(专门知识或技能).Technologyhasenabledordinaryindividualstocheaplyandquicklyorganizethemselvesaroundacommoninterest,ideology(思想意识; 意识形态),orsocialcause.Ratherthanmovingtheglobalcommunitytowardthesingle,homogenized(均匀分布的,均质的)culturedecried(公开反对,谴责)bymanyglobalizationopponents,technologyisactuallyprovidingameanstoreaffirmandextendculturalawareness,identity,andpractices.Mediatechnologyplaysanimportantroleinmodernsocietywhetheritispolitical,economicalorcultural.
Case4
WhatMrs.Nimossurprisedistheyoungman’squestionof“howoldareyou”.Inwesterncountrieswhereprivacyisgreatlyvalued,ageissomethingthatisconsideredratherprivate.Askingabouttheothers’age,especiallyinthiscaseontheirfirstmeeting,isratherimpolite.However,inJapanwherehierarchyisstrictlyfollowed,ageisanimportantfactorinsituatingapersonintheJapaneseculturalhierarchy.ForherJapanesebusinesscounterpartstofeelcomfortablethattheyknewtheproperwaytoaddressandtorelatetoher,theyneededtoknowherage.
InChina,ageisimportantforthesamereason.However,whencommunicatingwithfamilymembers,generationbecomesanimportantfactorthatoverrides(优先于,压倒)age.Eveniftheyhavethesameage,theonebelongingtotheyoungergenerationmustaddresstheotherwiththerespectaccordedtotheoldergenerationinthefamily.Iftheyarethesamegeneration,theycancommunicateaspeers.
Case5
TheproblemhereisthatMr.Richardsondoesn’tmeanwhathesays,whichisratherdifferentfrombeinginsincereordishonest.Toputitanotherway,whatMr.Richardsonmeansisdifferentfromwhatthesentencethathehasutteredmeans.“Wemustgettogetherandhavelunchsometimes”isquiteacommonexpressionpeopleuseneartheendofbusinessinteractionsinNorthAmerica,andforNorthAmericansitmeansseveraldifferentthings.Firstofall,itsignalsthatthepersonwhosaysitthinksthattheencounterwill(orshould)beendingsoon.Soitcanfunctionaswhatconversationanalystscalla“pre-closing.”Itisalsoawayofcreatingafeelingof“involvement”,awaytotellsomeonethatyouhaveenjoyedspendingtimewiththemandyouwouldnotminddoingitagain.Whileitdoescontainthevagueideathatasubsequentmeetingwouldbedesirable,itdoesnotinanywaycommitthespeakerorthehearertosuchanarrangement.However,toMr.Wong,itsoundslikeaninvitation.
Similarly,“Seeyoulater”doesnotcommitsomeonetoalatermeeting.Itwouldbeveryoddif,inresponsetothisutterance,thehearerweretotakeouthisorherdiaryandattempttosetadate.Otherexamplesare“Howareyou”inEnglishand“Haveyoueaten?
”inChinese,bothofthemaretypicalgreetings,whichdonotrequirethehearertogivespecificanswers.Allofthemjustserveaslubricants(润滑剂)tomovetheconversationforward.
Case6
Evenpeoplespeakthesamelanguage,English,inthiscase,theymighthavequitealotofdifferences,eveninsmallthingssuchashowtoorderamealandspeakhumorously.TheseexperiencesdescribedbyFionashouldcausedifficultiesadjustingtolifeinanewculture.Dealingwithmanysmalldifferencescancauseexhaustion.Whenpeoplecomeintoanewculture,inthiscase,fromAustraliatoAmerica,theyhavetomakemanysmalladjustmentsinashortperiodoftime.Eachadjustmentcausesalittlebitofdifficulty,butthestressaddsuptoapointwherepeoplebecomefrustratedandbegintocomplainabouttheirlifeintheotherculture.
Fromherdescription,itcanbeseenthatherstressisaddingupsomuchthatsheeventhinksofgoingbacktoAustralia.However,sheshouldknowthatthisisonlyanecessaryperiodofcultureshock(文化冲击),requiringhertomakesomeadjustment.Thecultureshockisexacerbated(加重、恶化)becausefewornoculturaldifferenceswereexpectedgiventhatpeoplethoughttheywouldbeusingthesamelanguage.Athispointsheislikelytohaveexperiencedsomeculturaldifferencesandwillbemorewillingtotakethemseriously.
翻译
全球化本质上是国际层面上的融合。
很多情况下,全球化是经济的融合,由商业活动和贸易协定所推动。
在其他情况下,全球化也可以是意识形态的融合,是不同思想和观点在国家和地区之间的交流。
但是无论是哪种情况,全球化都包含一个最重要的因素,即交际。
有效的交际为个人提供所需信息,使他们能够作为消费者、工人和公民参与今天的全球化社会的活动。
只有通过在全球范围内进行有效的信息共享,才能使诸如从国际贸易政策到MP3文件传播的活动真正具有国际的本质。
在这样的交际框架下,使用权的概念尤其重要。
也就是说,只有对重要信息具有使用权,人们才可以有效地加入到今天有关商品、服务和思想的全球市场中来。
反过来,使用权经常依赖于提出和交流思想所用到的媒体和技术。
事实上,就全球化而言,信息使用所必需的媒体通常是电子媒体或网络媒体。
这些媒体之所以重要,就在于它们的快速性和直接性。
它们使得个人可以在全球范围内发现并交流信息。
比如说,电子邮件可以让一个身处波士顿的人与住在北京的某个人快速便捷的进行信息交流,就像这个人在同街对面的某个邻居进行交流一样。
Unit2
Case1
ThereisabigdifferencebetweenChineseandAmericanconcerningwhoisthedecision-makerofthework.TheChineseusuallyworktocompletethetaskaccordingtowhattheirbossorsupervisorrequires,whileAmericans,onthecontrary,finishtheirjobsaccordingtowhattheysupposeisright.Inthiscase,LiHuacompletedhisreportwithin16days,fastercomparedwiththeactually20days,butlaterthanitwasagreedon.SotheAmericansupervisorgotangry,whichcausedLiHua’sresignation.IfIwereLiHua,IwouldtelltheAmericansupervisorthefactthatIreallyhadmadegreateffortstofinishthereportin16daysthoughlaterthan15daysbutfasterthan20daysthatissaidearlier.Then,ifthesupervisorstillfeltangryandwerenotflexible,IwouldresignjustasLiHuahaddone.
Case2
InAsiaespeciallyinKoreaahighvalueisplacedonharmoniouspersonalrelationship,whileconflictsareavoidedandeveryeffortismadetobepoliteandnon-confrontational.However,JimcomesfromAmericanwherepersonalcompetenceindealingwithmattersisemphasizedinspiteofhighfocusonteamwork.Ontheotherhand,Americanpeoplearehighlypracticalandrealistic,theywouldthinktheearliertheproblemcanbediscoveredthebettersolutionscanbesought.Therefore,whenaproblemwasfinallybroughttoJim’sattention,itwastoolatefortherewasnomuchtimelefttosolveit.
Inthecase,Jimfeltexasperatedbecausetheproblemdiscoveredhaslefthimnomuchtimetosolveit.ForJim,heissupposedtobuildagoodinterculturalcommunication,butwhatheshoulddofirstistoknowKoreanculturewell.KoreansholdthatAmerican’sdirectnessindealingwithproblems,errorsandevendishonestyisunacceptable.SofromJimhimselfitismuchbettertoknowKoreancultureespeciallytheirstrategyofsavingfaceandlosingface.Problemsexistreally,butiftheyarediscoveredearlierpeopleconcernedwiththeproblemwilllosefaceintermsofKorean’sviewpoint.
Case3
SmilinginChinameansnotonlythatsomeoneishappybutalsothatheorsheissorry.ItisverydesirableforChenJietomakeanapologywithasmile,whichindicateshishumblenessandembarrassment.ForChenJie,thesmilewasanimportantpartoftheapology.Heapolog
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