定语从句讲解和练习修订.docx
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定语从句讲解和练习修订.docx
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定语从句讲解和练习修订
定语从句讲解和练习
(一)概念:
在复合句中,修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
定语从句必须放在先行词之后。
Heistheboywhooftengoestoschoollate.
先行词关系词定语从句
关系代词:
that,which,who,whom,whose(定语),as
注:
在定语从句中作主语或作宾语。
关系副词:
when,where,why,how,that(特殊:
Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhich/不填hespeaks)。
注:
在定语从句中作状语。
(二)原则:
a.定语从句必须紧跟在先行词后面,限制修饰先行词。
b.定语从句必须用关系词(关系代词或关系副词)来引导。
c.关系词一定在定语从句中作一个句子成分。
(三)定语从句可分为两大类,即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。
这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词(不用逗号隔开)如:
Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.
②非限制性定语从句。
它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词起补充,说明的作用,也就是说即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响。
主从句之间常用逗号分开,且非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导。
ThiswastheAmericanCivilWar,whichlasted4yearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.
Hewastakentoanotherroom,wherehefoundawoundedboy,whowasdying.
(四)引导词:
关系代词与关系副词
1.关系代词的用法:
关系代词that在从句中作主语或宾语
(1)指物
1)Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.(作主语)
2)Thenoodles(that)Icookedweredelicious.(作宾语)
(2)指人
1)Whoisthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere?
(作主语)
2)Thegirl(that)wesawyesterdaywasJim’ssister.(作宾语)
which在从句中作主语或宾语
指物
1)Theyplantedthetreeswhichdidn’tneedmuchwater.(作主语)
2)Thefish(which)weboughtwerenotfresh.(作宾语)
who,whom在从句中分别作主语或宾语
(3)指人
1)TheforeignerwhovisitedourclassyesterdayisfromCanada.(作主语)
2)TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.(作主语)
3)ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMr.Li.(作宾语)
4)Mrs.Readisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite.(作介词to的宾语)
whose(所有格)在定语从句中作定语
指人
whatisthenameoftheboywhosefatherisarailwayworker?
指物
Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisblack.
注意一:
关系代词who和that都可指人,但有时须用who,不用that。
(1)先行词是one,ones,anyone和those时。
如:
Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.
(2)在Therebe开头的句子中。
如:
Thereisanoldmanwhowantstoseeyou.
(3)一个句中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个用who
Thegirlthatyoumetlastweekisthemonitorwhostudiesveryhard.
(4)一般情况下关系词在从句作宾语时who可以代替whom,但在介词后必须用whom
下列定语从句只能用that来引导:
1.先行词为形容词最高级所修饰ThisisthelongestbridgethatIhaveeverseen.
2.先行词为序数词所修饰Ihappenedtobethethousandthguestthatvisitedthegreathotel.
ThisisthefirstcompositionthathehaseverwritteninEnglish.
3.先行词既包括人又包括物Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthathappenedintheschool.
Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.
4.主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句Whoisthemanthatcamethismorning?
Whichisthebagthatyoulost?
5.先行词为theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame所修饰
Heistheverypersonthatthepolicearelookingfor.
ThisistheonlythingthatIcanremember.
6.先行词是everything,nothing,something,all,little,much,everybody等不定代词
Telluseverythingthatyouknow,please.
Isthereanythingthatyoudon’tunderstand?
7.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much修饰Allthatglittersisnotgold.
I’vereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.
只能用which,不用that的情况:
1.在非限制性定语从句中。
例如:
Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.
2.定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。
例如:
Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.
(五)“介词+关系词”及关系副词when,where,why,(that)
1.Theboxisfullofbottles.Heisstandingonthebox.
→Theboxonwhichheisstandingisfullofbottles.
→Theboxwhereheisstandingisfullofbottles.
2.Thisisthetrain.Weworkonthetrain.
→Thisisthetrainonwhichwework.
→Thisisthetrainwherewework.
3.Iknowthereason.Shediditforthereason.
→Iknowthereasonforwhichshedidit.
→Iknowthereasonwhyshedidit.
4.Themanisourschoolmaster.Youshookhandswiththemanjustnow.
→Themanwithwhomyoushookhandsisourschoolmaster.
5.ThepenismadeinShanghai.Sheiswritingwiththepen.
→ThepenwithwhichsheiswritingismadeinShanghai.
不能拆开的词组:
lookfor/lookafter/takecareof/puton/takeoff…
6.Idon’tliketheway.Hespeaksinthisway.
→Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhich/不填hespeaks.
(六)关系代词在从句中作主语,谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致。
ThestudentwhoisgoodatEnglishstudieshard.
ThestudentswhoaregoodatEnglishstudyhard.
对比:
HeisoneofthestudentswhoaregoodatEnglish.
(英语好的不止他一人,他是他们中的一员)
HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoisgoodatEnglish.
(学生不止一人,他们中只有一人英语好)
(七)as作为关系代词,习惯上用于下列词组:
thesame....assuch...asas...as,so…as
1.Takeasmanybooksasyouwant.
2.Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.
3.Hereadsuchbooksaswillmakehimwiser.
注意区别such…that…引导的结果状语从句。
Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch..
4.ThetownisaboutthesamedistancefromNanjingasYangzhouis.
As用于非限制性定语从句,常见以下句型:
asyouknow,aswehaveseen,asisknowntoall,asanybodycansee,aswasexpected,aswecanimagine,ashasbeenpointedout
注意:
as与which的用法区别:
as与which在非限制性定语从句中,都可指代整个主句,但as引导的从句可放在主句的句首,句中或句尾,而which引导的从句只可放在主句的句尾
Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth.
Oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth,aswehaveseen.
Shewasawardedagoldmedal,whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonour.
(八)thesame…as,thesame…that的区别
ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.(相似的事物)
IamwearingthesamecoatthatIworeyesterday.(同一事物)
(九)定语从句和同位语从句的区别:
定语从句相当于形容词作定语,对先行词加以限制或修饰,同位语从句相当于名词,对先行词加以补充或说明,连接词that在定语从句中充当某个成分,而that在同位语从句不充当句子成分。
Thepromisethatmyunclegavememadeushappy.(定语从句)
Thepromisethatmyunclewouldgivemeanewbikemadeushappy.(同位语从句)
Thenewsthattheyhadwoncame.
(十)关系代词what和that,which的区别:
先比较下列句子中的what和that:
Hetoldusthethingsthathehadseen.→Hetolduswhathehadseen.
ThisisthewordswhichIsaid.→ThisiswhatIsaid.
可以看出what实际上等于是“thethingthat(which)”,即“先行词+关系代词”。
因此在句中如果已有先行词,则不能用what,而只能用that(which),如没有先行词,则用what。
what是一个没有先行词的连接代词,连接名词从句,如:
宾语从句,主语从句等。
五定语从句改错。
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。
对标有题号的每一行作出判断;如无错误,在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√);如有错误(每行只有一个错误),则按下列情况改正:
此行多一个词:
把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉,在该行右边横线上写出该词,并也用斜线划掉。
此行缺一个词:
在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
此行错一个词:
在错的词下划一横线,在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
注意:
原行没有错的不要改。
1Thisisthefactorywherewevisitedlastweek.
2ThisisthewatchforwhichTomislooking.
3ThepersontowhoyouspokeisastudentofGradeTwo
4.Thehouseinthatweliveisverysmall.
5.Thesungivesofflightandwarmth,thatmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.
6.I’vereadallthebookswhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.
7.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveeverseen.
8.MyfatherandMr.Smithtalkedaboutthingsandpersonswhotheyrememberedinthecountry.
9.Everythingwhichwesawwasofgreatinterest.
10.Hisdog,thatwasnowveryold,becameillanddied.
11.Thereasonwhichhedidn’tgotoschoolisthathewasill.
12.Thosewhowantstogowithmeputupyourhands.
13.Theboy,hismotherdiedlastyear,studiesveryhard.
14.Ihavetwosisters,bothofthemaredoctors.
15.We’regoingtovisittheschoolwhereyourbrotherworksthere.
16.HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohavebeeninvitedtotheEnglishEvening.
17.Thatisthewaywhichtheywork.
18.Thosehavequestionscanasktheteachersforadvice.
19.Whoisthemanwhohaswhitehairs?
20.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhichwehadagoodtimetogetheratthesea.
【典型例题】
1.Everything______Iknowwillbetaughttothestudents.
2.Thisisthebestfilm______Ihaveeverseen.
3.Themanagerwalkedtowardthegate_____theworkersarewaiting.
4.Youcan’tgointothisroom_____theyarehavingameeting.
5.Istillrememberthedays______westudiedtogether.
6.Thepicture_____hasahouseandflowersistheoneIlikebest.
7.Don’tmakethesamemistake_____youdidlasttime.
8.Hefailedintheexam,______surprisedusall.
9.Hedidall______wasnecessarytobedone.
10.Herparentswouldn’tletshemarryanyone_____familywaspoor.
11.Tom,_____parentsarepoorworkers,alwaysgoeshungry.
【模拟试题】
[定语从句练习]
一.用适当的关系词填空
1.WearelearningEnglish,alanguage_____isusedinmanyplacesintheworld.
2.MostAmericansloveChinesefood,____iscookedinadifferentwayfromwesternfood.
3.Thismagazinebelongstotheteacher____teachesushistory.
4.Anyone____comestoChinawillsurelyvisittheGreatWallnearBeijing.
5.Anyone____hasacoldshouldhaveagoodrest.
6.Thehouse_____standsonthetopofthehillwasbuiltlastmonth.
7.Themedicine_____heboughtisgoodforyourhealth.
8.Heistheonlyperson______sawtheaccidentyesterday.
9.Tomistryingtoreadintheroom_____theothersarewatchingTV.
10.Wewon’tforgettheday_____theherowaskilled.
11.Thestudent_____theteachersaretalkingabouthaswonthefirstprizeintheEnglish
contest.
12.Thenewspaper____youarereadingistwodaysold.
13.Doyourememberthetime_____wegotlostinthepark?
14.I’llneverforgetthetime____wespenttogetherinthearmycamp.
15.Theyarebuildingahospitalonthestreet_____weusedtolive.
16.Thepresent_____hegaveheryesterdayeveningisstillunopened.
17.Happinessisoneofthethings_____moneycannotbuy.
18.Thisisthehospital______hermotherworks.
19.I’llneverforgettheday______IjoinedtheLeague.
20.Thehouse______waspulleddownlastweekisbeingrebuilt.
21.Theman______wifediedlastyearhasgonetoJapan.
22.Tellmethereason______theAmericanladyleft.
23.Doyouknowtheboy______waspraisedatthemeeting?
24.Iknowthegirl______theteacherpraisedyesterday.
25.Allenisthegirl_____Ithinkwillsucceedinthetest.
二.用“介词+关系代词”填空
1.Haveyoueverreadthebook____________therearemanypictures?
2.Theman____________hehadatalkyesterdayisadoctor.
3.Thelibrary____________weoftenborrowbooksisverylarge.
4.Thegentleman____________youjustspokeisourheadmaster.
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