英语词汇学基本概念汇总.docx
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英语词汇学基本概念汇总.docx
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英语词汇学基本概念汇总
英语词汇学基本概念汇总
《英语词汇学》重要术语
One:
1.Nativewords本族词WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativewords.
2.Loanwords借词Wordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloanwordsorborrowedwords.
3.Slangwords俚语Slangwordsarethosewordsofavigorous,colourful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.
4.Functionwords功能词Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesthatservegrammaticallymorethananythingelse.
5.Contentwords实义词Contentwordsareusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning.
6.Freeforms自由形式Formswhichoccurassentencesarefreeforms.
Two:
1.Morphemes语素MorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitsofEnglishlanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.
2.Allomorphs语素变体Allomorphsareanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.
3.Freemorpheme自由语素Freemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.
4.Boundmorpheme粘着语素Boundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutteranceandmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.
5.Root词根Rootisthebasicunchangeablepartofawordanditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.
6.Affix词缀Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.
7.Inflectionalaffix屈折词缀Inflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.
8.Derivationalaffix派生词缀Derivationalaffixisthekindofaffixesthathasspecificlexicalmeaninghandcanderiveawordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.
9.Prefixes前缀Prefixesareaffixesaddedbeforewords.
10.Suffixes后缀Suffixesareaffixesaddedafterwords.
Three
1.Word-formationrules构词规则Word-formationrulesdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.
2.Stem词干Stemisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.
3.Base词基Baseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.
4.Compounding合成法Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.
5.Derivation派生法Derivationoraffixationisaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.
6.Conversion转化法Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.
7.Prefixation前缀法Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothebase.
8.Suffixation后缀法Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixtothebase.
Four:
1.Initialism首字母连写词Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphraseanditispronouncedletterbyletter.
2.Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronymsarewordformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,andtheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.
3.Clipping截短法Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.
4.Blending拼缀法Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.
5.Back-formation逆成法Back-formationisatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.
6.Reduplication重叠法Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofonewordoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowelsoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants.
7.Neoclassicalformation新古典词构成法NeoclassicalformationistheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek.
Five:
1.Conventionality约定俗成Itisthecharacteristicsofrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense:
thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.
2.Motivation理据Motivationreferstothedirectconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.
3.Echoic/onomatopoeicwords拟声词Echoicwordsoronomatopoeicwordsarewordsmotivatedphoneticallywhosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.
4.Morphologicalmotivation语素结构理据Awordismorphologicallymotivatedifadirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.
5.Semanticmotivation语义理据Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactorsanditisusuallyprovidedbythefigurativeusageofwords.
6.Grammaticalmeaning语法意义Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigm.
7.Inflectionalparadigm词形变化Thesetofgrammaticalformsofawordiscalleditsinflectionalparadigm.Nounsaredeclined,verbsareconjugatedandgradableadjectiveshavedegreesofcomparison.
8.Denotativemeaning外延意义Thedenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.
9.Connotativemeaning内涵意义Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’smind.
10.Socialorstylisticmeaning社会意义Socialmeaningisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.
11.Affectivemeaning情感意义Affectivemeaningisconcernedwiththeexpressionoffeelingsandattitudesofthespeakerorwriter.
12.Componentialanalysis语义成分分析Theconceptualmeaningordenotativemeaningcanbebrokendownintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponentswhichareknownassemanticfeatures.Suchananalysisiscalledcomponentialanalysis.
Six:
1.Polysemy一词多义Polysemyhappenswhenmorethanonemeaningisattachedtoaword.
2.Radiation词义辐射Semantically,radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.
3.Concatenation语义的连锁、联结Concatenationisasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshifts,likethelinksofachain,untilthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.
4.Homonymy同音异义、同形异义Homonymyistherelationbetweenpairsorgroupsofwordwhich,thoughdifferentinmeaning,arepronouncedalike,orspelledalikeorboth.5.Perfecthomonyms完全同音同形异义词Wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfecthomonyms.
6.Homophones同音异义词Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaningarecalledhomophones.7.Homographs同形异义词Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningarecalledhomographs.
8.Phoneticconvergence音变的汇合Phoneticconvergenceisthekindofphenomenonwheretwoormorewordswhichonceweredifferentinsoundformstakeonthesamepronunciation.
9.SemanticDivergence词义分化Whentwoormoremeaningsofthesameworddriftaparttosuchanextentthattherewillbenoobviousconnectionbetweenthem,thewordhasundergonetheprocessofsemanticdivergence.
Seven:
1.Synonyms同义词Asynonymmaybedefinedasawordhavingthesamemeaningasanotherword:
asoneoftwoormorewordsofthesamelanguageandgrammaticalcategoryhavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaninganddifferingonlyinconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse.2.Completesynonyms完全同义词Twowordsaretotallysynonymousonlyiftheyarefullyidenticalinmeaningandinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightestalterationinconnotative,affectiveandstylisticmeanings.3.Relativesynonyms相对同义词Relativesynonymsarewordsthatarenotfullyidenticalbutmaydifferinshadesofmeaning,inemotionalcolouring,inlevelofformality,incollocation,andindistribution.4.Antonymy反义关系Initsgeneralsense,antonymyreferstoalltypesofsemanticoppositeness.5.Contraries/gradableantonyms相对性反义词Contrariesorcontrarytermsdisplaysuchatypeofsemanticcontrastthattheycanbehandledintermsofgradability,thatis,intermsofdegreesofthequalityinvolved.6.Complementaries/contradictoryterms互补性反义词Complementariesorcontradictoriesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionsothatthe
assertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthedenialoftheother.7.Conversives/converses/relationalopposites换位性反义词Conversivesrepresentsuchatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionthatthereisaninterdependenceofmeaning,orsay,onememberofthepairpresupposestheother.8.Hyponymy上下义关系Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.9.Superordinates上义词Thegeneralterminahyponymypairiscalledasuperordinatelinguistically.10.Hyponyms下义词Thespecificterminahyponymypairiscalledthehyponymorsubordinate.11.Semanticfield语义场Semanticfieldtheoryisconcernedwiththevocabularyofalanguageasasystemofinterrelatedlexicalnetworks.Thewordsofasemanticfieldarejoinedtogetherbyacommonconcept,andtheyarelikelytohaveanumberofcollocationsincommon.Eight:
1.Context语境Contextinitsnarrowestsenseconsistsofthelexicalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunication.But,inbroadersense,itmaycoverthewholepassageandsometimesthewholebookinwhichawordoccurs,andinsomecases
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