Rabindranath Tagore泰戈尔.docx
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Rabindranath Tagore泰戈尔.docx
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RabindranathTagore泰戈尔
RabindranathTagore
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RabindranathTagore
RabindranathTagoreinKolkata,c.1915
Born
7May1861(1861-05-07)
Calcutta
Died
7August1941(aged 80)
Calcutta
Occupation
poet,playwright,philosopher,composer,artist
Writingperiod
BengalRenaissance
Notableaward(s)
NobelPrizeinLiterature
(1913)
Influenced[show]
D.R.Bendre,AndréGide,YasunariKawabata,Kuvempu,GabrielaMistral,PabloNeruda,OctavioPaz
Signature
"Tagore"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeTagore(disambiguation).
RabindranathTagore (help·info)α[›](Bengali:
রবীন্দ্রনাথঠাকুর,β[›]IPA:
[ɾobin̪d̪ɾonat̪ʰʈʰakuɾ] (help·info))(7May1861–7August1941),γ[›]alsoknownbythesobriquetGurudev,δ[›]wasaBengalipoet,Brahmoreligionist,visualartist,playwright,novelist,andcomposerwhoseworksreshapedBengaliliteratureandmusicinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.HebecameAsia'sfirstNobellaureate[1]whenhewonthe1913NobelPrizeinLiterature.
APiraliBrahmin[2][3][4]fromCalcutta,Bengal,Tagorefirstwrotepoemsattheageofeight.Attheageofsixteen,hepublishedhisfirstsubstantialpoetryunderthepseudonymBhanushingho("SunLion")andwrotehisfirstshortstoriesanddramasin1877.InlaterlifeTagoreprotestedstronglyagainsttheBritishRajandgavehissupporttotheIndianIndependenceMovement.Tagore'slifeworkendures,intheformofhispoetryandtheinstitutionhefounded,Visva-BharatiUniversity.
Tagorewrotenovels,shortstories,songs,dance-dramas,andessaysonpoliticalandpersonaltopics.Gitanjali(SongOfferings),Gora(Fair-Faced),andGhare-Baire(TheHomeandtheWorld)areamonghisbest-knownworks.Hisverse,shortstories,andnovels,whichoftenexhibitedrhythmiclyricism,colloquiallanguage,meditativenaturalism,andphilosophicalcontemplation,receivedworldwideacclaim.TagorewasalsoaculturalreformerandpolymathwhomodernisedBengaliartbyrejectingstricturesbindingittoclassicalIndianforms.TwosongsfromhiscanonarenowthenationalanthemsofBangladeshandIndia:
theAmarShonarBanglaandtheJanaGanaManarespectively.
Contents
[hide]
∙1Earlylife(1861–1901)
∙2Twilightyears(1932–1941)
∙3Travels
∙4Works
o4.1Novelsandnon-fiction
o4.2Musicandartwork
o4.3Theatricalpieces
o4.4Shortstories
o4.5Poetry
∙5Politicalviews
∙6Impactandlegacy
∙7Bibliography(partial)
∙8Seealso
∙9Notes
∙10Citations
∙11Timeline
∙12References
∙13Furtherreading
∙14Externallinks
[edit]Earlylife(1861–1901)
Mainarticle:
LifeofRabindranathTagore(1861–1901)
Tagorein1879,whenhewasstudyinginEngland.
Tagore(nicknamed"Rabi")wasborntheyoungestofthirteensurvivingchildrenintheJorasankomansioninCalcutta(nowKolkata,India)ofparentsDebendranathTagore(1817-1905)andSaradaDevi(1830-1875).ε[›][5]TheTagorefamilyweretheBrahmofoundingfathersoftheAdiDharmfaith.Afterundergoinghisupanayanatageeleven,TagoreandhisfatherleftCalcuttaon14February1873totourIndiaforseveralmonths,visitinghisfather'sSantiniketanestateandAmritsarbeforereachingtheHimalayanhillstationofDalhousie.There,Tagorereadbiographies,studiedhistory,astronomy,modernscience,andSanskrit,andexaminedtheclassicalpoetryofKālidāsa.[6][7]In1877,herosetonotabilitywhenhecomposedseveralworks,includingalongpoemsetintheMaithilistylepioneeredbyVidyapati.Asajoke,hemaintainedthatthesewerethelostworksofBhānusiṃha,anewlydiscovered17th-centuryVaiṣṇavapoet.[8]Healsowrote"Bhikharini"(1877;"TheBeggarWoman"—theBengalilanguage'sfirstshortstory)[9][10]andSandhyaSangit(1882)—includingthefamouspoem"NirjharerSwapnabhanga"("TheRousingoftheWaterfall").
TagoreandhiswifeMrinaliniDeviin1883.
Seekingtobecomeabarrister,TagoreenrolledatapublicschoolinBrighton,Englandin1878.HestudiedlawatUniversityCollegeLondon,butreturnedtoBengalin1880withoutadegree.On9December1883hemarriedMrinaliniDevi(bornBhabatarini,1873–1900);theyhadfivechildren,twoofwhomlaterdiedbeforereachingadulthood.[11]In1890,Tagorebeganmanaginghisfamily'sestatesinShilaidaha,aregionnowinBangladesh;hewasjoinedbyhiswifeandchildrenin1898.Knownas"ZamindarBabu",Tagoretraveledacrossthevastestatewhilelivingoutofthefamily'sluxuriousbarge,thePadma,tocollect(mostlytoken)rentsandblessvillagers;inreturn,appreciativevillagersheldfeastsinhishonour.[12]Theseyears,whichcomposedTagore'sSadhanaperiod(1891–1895;namedforoneofTagore’smagazines),wereamonghismostfecund.Duringthisperiod,morethanhalfthestoriesofthethree-volumeandeighty-four-storyGalpaguchchhawerewritten.[9]Withironyandemotionalweight,theydepictedawiderangeofBengalilifestyles,particularlyvillagelife.[13]
Tagore,photographedinHampstead,Englandin1912byJohnRothenstein.
In1901,TagoreleftShilaidahaandmovedtoSantiniketan(WestBengal)tofindanashram,whichwouldgrowtoincludeamarble-flooredprayerhall("TheMandir"),anexperimentalschool,grovesoftrees,gardens,andalibrary.[14]There,Tagore'swifeandtwoofhischildrendied.Hisfatherdiedon19January1905,andhebeganreceivingmonthlypaymentsaspartofhisinheritance.HereceivedadditionalincomefromtheMaharajaofTripura,salesofhisfamily'sjewellery,hisseasidebungalowinPuri,andmediocreroyalties(Rs. 2,000)fromhisworks.[15]Bynow,hisworkwasgaininghimalargefollowingamongBengaliandforeignreadersalike,andhepublishedsuchworksasNaivedya(1901)andKheya(1906)whiletranslatinghispoemsintofreeverse.On14November1913,Tagorelearnedthathehadwonthe1913NobelPrizeinLiterature.AccordingtotheSwedishAcademy,itwasgivenduetotheidealisticand—forWesternreaders—accessiblenatureofasmallbodyofhistranslatedmaterial,includingthe1912Gitanjali:
SongOfferings.[16]In1915,TagorereceivedtheknighthoodfromtheBritishCrown.Butasamarkofrebuketotherulers,posttheJallianwalaBaghmassacrein1919,herenouncedthetitle.
In1921,TagoreandagriculturaleconomistLeonardElmhirstsetuptheInstituteforRuralReconstruction(whichTagorelaterrenamedShriniketan—"AbodeofWealth")inSurul,avillageneartheashramatSantiniketan.Throughit,TagoresoughttoprovideanalternativetoGandhi'ssymbol-andprotest-basedSwarajmovement,whichhedenounced.[17]Herecruitedscholars,donors,andofficialsfrommanycountriestohelptheInstituteuseschoolingto"freevillage[s]fromtheshacklesofhelplessnessandignorance"by"vitaliz[ing]knowledge".[18][19]Intheearly1930s,healsogrewmoreconcernedaboutIndia's"abnormalcasteconsciousness"anduntouchability,lecturingonitsevils,writingpoemsanddramaswithuntouchableprotagonists,andappealingtoauthoritiesattheGuruvayoorTempletoadmitDalits.[20][21]
[edit]Twilightyears(1932–1941)
Mainarticle:
LifeofRabindranathTagore(1932–1941)
Inhislastdecade,Tagoreremainedinthepubliclimelight,publiclyupbraidingGandhiforstatingthatamassive15January1934earthquakeinBiharconstituteddivineretributionforthesubjugationofDalits.[22]HealsomournedtheincipientsocioeconomicdeclineofBengalandtheendemicpovertyofCalcutta;hedetailedthelatterinanunrhymedhundred-linepoemwhosetechniqueofsearingdouble-visionwouldforeshadowSatyajitRay'sfilmApurSansar.[23][24]Tagorealsocompiledfifteenvolumesofwritings,includingtheprose-poemsworksPunashcha(1932),ShesSaptak(1935),andPatraput(1936).Hecontinuedhisexperimentationsbydevelopingprose-songsanddance-dramas,includingChitrangada(1914),[25]Shyama(1939),andChandalika(1938),andwrotethenovelsDuiBon(1933),Malancha(1934),andCharAdhyay(1934).Tagoretookaninterestinscienceinhislastyears,writingVisva-Parichay(acollectionofessays)in1937.Hisexplorationofbiology,physics,andastronomyimpactedhispoetry,whichoftencontainedextensivenaturalismthatunderscoredhisrespectforscientificlaws.Healsowovetheprocessofscience(includingnarrativesofscientists)intomanystoriescontainedinsuchvolumesasSe(1937),TinSangi(1940),andGalpasalpa(1941).[26]
Tagore'slastfouryearsweremarkedbychronicpainandtwolongperiodsofillness.ThesebeganwhenTagorelostconsciousnessinlate1937;heremainedcomatoseandneardeathforanextendedperiod.Thiswasfollowedthreeyearslaterinlate1940byasimilarspell,fromwhichheneverrecovered.ThepoetryTagorewroteintheseyearsisamonghisfinest,andisdistinctiveforitspreoccupationwithdeath.[27][28]Afterextendedsuffering,Tagorediedon7August1941(22Shravan1348)inanupstairsroomoftheJorasankomansioninwhichhewasraised;[29][30]hisdeathanniversaryisstillmournedinpublicfunctionsheldacrosstheBengali-speakingworld.
[edit]Travels
Tagore(center,atright)visitsChineseacademicsatTsinghuaUniversityin1924.
Owingtohisnotablewanderlust,between1878and1932,Tagorevisitedmorethanthirtycountriesonfivecontinents;[31]manyofthesetripswerecrucialinfamiliarisingnon-Indianaudiencestohisworksandspreadinghispoliticalideas.In1912,hetookasheafofhistranslatedworkstoEngland,wheretheyimpressedmissionaryandGandhiprotégéCharlesF.Andrews,Anglo-IrishpoetWilliamButlerYeats,EzraPound,RobertBridges,ErnestRhys,ThomasSturgeMoore,andothers.[32]Indeed,YeatswrotetheprefacetotheEnglish
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