浅析《法国中尉的女人》中的 存在主义意识.docx
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浅析《法国中尉的女人》中的 存在主义意识.docx
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浅析《法国中尉的女人》中的存在主义意识
Acknowledgment
Iwouldliketoexpressmythankstothemanypeoplewhohelpedtomakethethesispossible,especiallytomytutor-ZhangYiwen,forherenthusiasmandencouragement,andforsharingwithmehertimeandincredibleknowledgewithgreatgenerosity.Itisofnodoubtthatthethesiswouldnothavebeencompletedsosmoothlywithoutherinvaluablesuggestionsandcontinuousencouragement.
IalsowanttoexpressmythankstomyfriendsandclassmateswithwhomIdiscussedtheideasandframeworksofthethesis,throughwhichIbenefitedagreatdealfromthem.Theyaccompaniedmeinthesefouryears,bringingmehappyfeelingsandhelpingmewhenever1wascaughtinthebottleneckintheprocessofwriting.
Inaddition,1wouldliketotakethisopportunitytothankmyfamilyforthesupporttheyhavegivenmeduringtheseyears.Withouttheirunderstanding,financialandspiritualsupport,1wouldnothavebeenabletofinishmystudy.
TheAnalysisofExistentialisminTheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman
Abstract
JohnFowlsisoneofthemostprominentcontemporaryBritishwriters,whosefameislargelybasedonhisnovel,TheFrenchLieutenant'sWoman.Thisnoveltalksabouttheprotagonists,SarahandCharles,whotrytoshakeoffsocialconstraints,struggletoacquiretheirfreedomandindependence.Itisanexcellentpostmodernfictionanditscreationisheavilyinfluencedbyexistentialphilosophy,especially,Sartre'sexistentialism.Fromthenarrationaspect,Fowlsnotonlypursuesthefreedomofwriters,readers,andthecharacters,throughthewritingtechniqueofpostmodernnarrating,butalsoexplorestheexistentialfreedomofhumanbeingsthroughtheprotagonist'sfreechoicesandactions.
Effortshavebeenmadeinthisthesistoapproachthenovelwithexistentialphilosophy,particularlySartreexistentialism.ExistentialismisahugeandunbelievablecomplicatedsystemandthisthesisisbasedonlyonsomeofthebasicideasofSartrephilosophy,suchasSartre'sexistentialliteraryview,thehumananguish,therelationshipwithotherpeople,andfreechoicesandactions.Therefore,theexistentialismwillbeadoptedtointerpretthenovelfromtwoaspects,thenarrativesandtheme.
Keywords:
Existentialism,Spiritualfreedom,Independence.
浅析《法国中尉的女人》中的存在主义意识
内容摘要
约翰.福尔斯是英国最杰出的当代小说家之一。
他最著名的小说《法国中尉的女人》讲述了男女主人公萨拉和查尔斯经历了种种选择和抗争,摆脱了社会束缚和世俗偏见,最终走上了自由之路。
这是一部优秀的后现代主义小说,而且它的创作过程深受存在主义,尤其是萨特式存在主义思想的影响。
福尔斯不仅在小说叙事层面上以后现代主义叙事技巧来关注作者,读者以及小说人物的自由,而且通过男女主人公的自由选择探讨人类的存在主义自由。
本文运用存在主义,特别是萨特的存在主义来解读这部小说。
存在主义是一个复杂的哲学流派,本文仅选取了萨特哲学中的几个基本观点角,如萨特的文学观,人类的焦虑,与他者的关系,及自由选择,作为论述视角,从小说的叙事和主题两方面进行解读。
关键词:
存在主义精神自由独立
Contents
1.Introduction1
1.1TheIntroductionofJohnFowls1
1.2TheIntroductionofTheFrenchLieutenant'sWoman2
2.Existentialism2
3.ExistentialLiteraryViewandItsEmbodimentbyFowls3
3.1Sartre'sViewofExistentialism3
3.2Fowls’viewofExistentialism4
3.3TheReflectionofExistentialLiteraryViewbyFowls4
4.TheExpressionofExistentialisminTheFrenchLieutenant'sWoman5
4.1TheExpressionofExistentialismintheCharacterizationofSarah's5
4.2TheExpressionofExistentialismintheCharacterizationofCharles8
4.3TheRelationshipswithOtherPeople10
4.3.1Sarah'sRelationshipwithOtherPeople10
4.3.2Charles'sRelationshipwithOtherPeople12
5.Conclusion13
TheAnalysisofExistentialisminTheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman
1.Introduction
TheFrenchLieutenant'sWomanisthemostcommerciallysuccessfulofFowls'novels.Inaddition,Fowlshaswrittenavarietyofnon-fictionpiecesincludingmanyessays,including Shipwreck, Islands and TheTree.JohnFowlsisoneofthefinestcontemporaryBritishwriters.Hisprominenceinliteraryworldrestsonhisuniqueandcreativenarrativetechniquesinsomeofhisnovelsandhisgreatinfluenceonotherwriters.TheFrenchLieutenant'sWomanrelatesamysteriousandtortuouslovestoryhappeningintheVictorianAgeofthemid19thcentury,inwhichSarahandCharles,theheroineandheroofthisnovel,shakeoffsocialprejudiceandrestrictions,strugglingtoacquiretheirfreedomandindependence.
1.1TheIntroductionofJohnFowls
JohnRobertFowlswasbornMarch31,1926inLeigh-on-Sea,asmalltownlocatedabout40milesfromLondoninthecountyofEssex,England.HeisafamousBritishauthorintheliteraryworld.
FowlsattendedBedfordSchool,alargeboardingschooldesignedtoprepareboysforuniversity,fromages13to18.AfterbrieflyattendingtheUniversityofEdinburgh,Fowlsbegancompulsorymilitaryservicein1945withtrainingatDartmoor,wherehespentthenexttwoyears.WorldWarIIendedshortlyafterhistrainingbegansoFowlsnevercamenearcombat,andby1947hehaddecidedthatthemilitarylifewasnotforhim.
FowlsthenspentfouryearsatOxford,wherehediscoveredthewritingsoftheFrenchexistentialists.InparticularheadmiredAlbertCamusandJean-PaulSartre,whosewritingscorrespondedwithhisownideasaboutconformityandthewilloftheindividual.HereceivedadegreeinFrenchin1950andbegantoconsideracareerasawriter.
Between1952and1960hewroteseveralnovelsbutofferednonetoapublisher,consideringthemallincompleteinsomewayandtoolengthy.
JohnFowlsdiedonNovember5,2005afteralongillness.
1.2TheIntroductionofTheFrenchLieutenant'sWoman
TheFrenchLieutenant'sWomanisfamiliartopeoplebothasaliteraryworksandasamovie.CommerciallyitisFowlsmostsuccessfulbook.ItisalsooneofthefewofFowls’novelswhichhaveadaptedasafilm.Oneday,Charles andErnestinasawSarahwalkingalongthecliffside.ErnestinatoldCharlessomethingaboutSarah,andhebecamecuriousabouther.ThoughcontinuingtocourtErnestina,CharleshadseveralmoreencounterswithSarah,meetingherinsecretthreetimes.Duringthesemeetings,SarahtoldCharlesofherstory,andaskedforhisemotionalandsocialsupport. Infact,CharleshadfalleninlovewithSarahandadvisedhertoleaveLymeforExeter.ReturningfromajourneytowarnErnestina'sfatherabouthisuncertaininheritance,CharlesstopsinExetersoastovisitSarah.Inthisversionoftheconversation,Charlessawthatshecannotmarrywithoutbetrayingherself,andthathecannotacceptheronmoreindependentterms.Helifewithoutrealizingthatthechildhenoticedonthewayoutishis.ThenarratorendsthenovelbynotingthatCharleshasatleastbeguntohavesomefaithinhimself,despitehisnotfeelingthatheunderstandsSarah,andthatthereadershouldnotimaginethatthelastendingwasanylessplausiblethantheonebeforeit.
“Thetheme of TheFrenchLieutenant‘sWoman isfreedom.Sarahisarebelinerathatshelivesin.Sheisatypicalrepresentativewhoispursuingself-liberationinearlyage.Her“manipulation(操纵)"toCharlesembodiesthefemaleindividualwillandfreedomagainstthemaledomination.”
2.Existentialism
Existentialism(Existentialism),alsocalledsurvival,oneofthemainschoolsofcontemporarywesternphilosophy.ThetermwasoriginallyputforwardbyHeidegger.Existentialismisaphilosophyofawiderangeofgenres,includingtheismexistentialism,atheisticexistentialismandtheexistentialhumanitarianfallintothreecategories,itcanrefertoanyactivitytotheirrationalconsciousnessofisolatedindividualsastherealhumanismtheory.Existentialismrespectspeople'spersonalityandfreedom.TheFrenchlieutenant'swomanisamostinfluentialnovelwrittenbyBritishwriterJohnFowls.Influencedbyexistentialismphilosophy,Fowlsprovidedagraphicalvisualizationinthenovelofexistentialismphilosophy.TheFirstWorldWaristhebeginningoftheendoftheEuropebourgeoiscivilization.Thearrivalofmoderntimes,peopleenteredthesecularstageinitshistory.Atthispoint,althoughheownedtherightsofanunprecedented,science,technology,andculture,healsofoundthemhomeless.Withthelossoftheinclusiveframeworkofreligion,peoplenotonlybecomenothing,butalsototheexistenceofafragmented.Hedidn'thaveasenseofbelonging,andhethinkshimselfistheoutsidersinthehumansociety,everythingwasalienatingtohim.Toresolvetheirfeeling,thealienationoftheexistentialismwasborn.
Existentialistliteratureisakindofliterateandartdoctrinewhichwaspopularizedinthe20thcenturyofEurope.Itpayscloseattentionontheconditionofhumanexistence,andanindividual'semotions,actions,responsibilities,andthoughts,orthemeaningorpurposeoflife.Itconfirmstheprincipleofexistencebeforeessence’andillustratesman’sspiritualfreedomandfreechoiceinthesituationofdespairandabsurdity.Existentialphilosophersoftenconcernedwiththeirfeelingssuchasfreedom,pain,guiltandregret.
SartreiscommonlyconsideredthefatherofExistentialistphilosophy,whosewritingssetthetoneforintellectuallifeinthedecadeimmediatelyfollowingtheSecondWorldWar.Sartre'sexistentialistphilosophydiscussesthreetopics:
thefirstisexistenceprecedesessence.Thesecondisfreechoice.Thethirdistheworldisabsurd.
3.ExistentialLiteraryViewandItsEmbodimentbyFowls
ThispartmainlydiscussesSartre’sviewofexistentialism,Fowls’sviewofexistentialism,andthereflectionofExistentialLiteraryViewbyFowls,asmotionedabove,theauthorFowlswasinfluencedbySartre’sview,therefore,theirideasofexistentialismareillustratedinthischapter,andhowFowls’viewisreflectedinhisworkswillalsobetalkedabout.
3.1Sartre'sViewofExistentialism
Duringhiswriting,FowlsismuchaffectedbySartre'sexistentialistliteraryviewin"WhyWrite"inSartre'sLiteratureandExistentialism,wh
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