法国中尉的女人PPT.pptx
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法国中尉的女人PPT.pptx
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TheFrenchLieutenantsWoman,By郭耀霞方士英,Abouttheauthor,JohnFowles(19262005),afamousBritishauthorintheliteraryworld,borninasmalltownnotfarfromLondonin1926.ItisbelievedthatJohnFowlesnotonlyrepresentstheturningpointofEnglishnovelsbutalsothetransitionofwesternliterarycriticismHisfatherwasatobaccobusinessmanandhismotherwasateacher.ToescapethebombingofNaziGermanyduringWorldWarII,hisfamilymovedtoDevon,avillageonthesouthofTeMoer.BritainscountrysidewascharmingandyoungFowleshadastronginterestinthemysteryandbeautyofnaturehere.Thisendlessmysteryandbeautybecamethesourceofhisinspiration.,Othermainworks,TheCollector收藏家TheMagus巫术师TheEbonyTower埃伯尼塔楼DanielMartin丹尼尔马丁Mantissa曼蒂莎AMaggot想入非非,TheFrenchLieutenantsWoman,JohnFowlesSetinVictorianage,itconcernsaloveaffairbetweenayounggentlemanandawomanwhoiscalledTheFrenchlieutenantswoman.Themaincharacter,Charles,livedoninheritanceleftbyhisfather.HeisengagedtoEmestina,atypicalVictorianwealthylady,buthecancelstheengagementaftermeetingwiththebeautiful,mysteriousSarahWoodruff,asocialoutcastknownlocallyastheso-calledwhoreofaFrenchlieutenant.Thenarratornotoriouslyintrudesinthenarrationcontinuously,presentingdifferentendingsandencouraginghisreaderstoreachtheirownconclusions,whichmakesthisnovela“labyrinthwithoutanexit”,CONTENTSABSTRACT(ENGLISH).iABSTRACT(CHINESE).iiCHAPTERIONEINTRODUCTION1.ABriefIntroductiontoJohnFowlesandTheFrenchLieutenantsWoman.11.1.AnIntroductiontoJohnFowles.11.2.AnIntroductiontoTheFrenchLieutenantsWoman.21.3.PreviousstudiesonTheFrenchLieutenantsWoman.42.ABriefIntroductiontoExistentialism.8CHAPTERTWOTHEFREEDOMOFCHARACTERSCHOICES1TheChoicesoftheSarah.112TheChoicesoftheCharles.14CHAPTERTHREETHEFREEDOMVIEWSEMBODIEDINREBELLINGAGAINSTVICTORIANCONVENTIONALITY1TherebellingbehaviorsofSarah.182TherebellingbehaviorsofCharles.20CHAPTERFOUR.THEIMPACTOFTHEFREEDOMVIEWSONTHENARRITION1TheAuthorsFreeChoicesoftheNarrativeStructure.242TheReadersFreeChoicesoftheEnding.25V.CONCLUSION.29,LiteraturereviewAccordingtothematerialsavailable,thepresentresearchesofthisnovelmainlycenteronthefollowingaspects:
1Studiesonthesocialandhistoricalsignificanceofthenovel.Researcheshavebeencarriedouttoshowtheturmoilandmovementsofthattime,toanalyzethecharacterofeachfigureinthenovelandwhattheysignify.2NarrativedevicesTheFrenchLieutenantsWomanattractsthelargestamountsofinterestandcriticismmainlybecauseofitswritingskills.3TheanalysisofSarahtheprotagonist:
Mainlyanalysisofhercharacters,herbehaviorsandthesocialsignificance.Differentcriticsviewherfromdifferentaspectssuchasfeministpointofview.,Theresearchofthenovelabroadandathomeisfullydeveloped.Amongtheseareinterpretationbasedonfeminism,anti-feminism,new-historicism,realism,postmodernism,andexistentialismandsoon.Thefollowingsarethebriefintroduction.Feminism:
DeborahByrd,whocallsthisnovel“analmostidealfeministfictionalwork”andSarah“apositivemodel”inheressay“TheEvolutionandEmancipationofSarahWoodruff”in1984becauseofthedevelopmentofafeminineconsciousnessinSarahWoodruff.,An-tifeminism:
MagaliCornierMichael,whorespondstoByrdinWhoisSarah?
ACritiqueofTheFrenchLieutenantsWomansFeminism”declaresthatthisnovelhasbeeninappropriatelyevaluatedforitsfeminismbecausethetextsperspectiveismaleandassertsthatthenovelfailsasafeminismstatementbecausethefigureofSarahisneverabletobreaktheboundariesofmalefantasy.New-Historicism:
RobertHuffakerinhisbookJohnFowles(1980)saysthatthenovelisofhistoricalquality.LindaHutchconclassifiesthenovelashistoriographicmetafictionaboutVictorianism,inwhich“itstheoreticalself-awarenessofhistoryandfictionashumanconstructsismadethegroundsforitsrethinkingandreworkingoftheformsandcontentsofthepast,Realism:
LovedaySimonarguesthatitistruethathisworksarewellsuppliedwiththekindofdocumentaryandhistoricalmaterialtowhichsuchrealisticjudgmentsCanbeapplied;Theycontaininequallysubstantialmeasureexamplesexactlythosekindsofcommentaryandjudgment”,buthealsoarguesthat“mostofthisessentiallydidacticmaterialhasnogenuineconnectionwiththefictionwhichsurroundsratherthanincorporatesit”Postmodernism:
BarryN.Olshenfindsthestyleofthenovelisa“curiousamalgamofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies”,withamodern,cinematicpanoramawhichisof“long-shotsofthethreemajorparticipantsinthestorySomecriticsexplorethenovelsfromexistentialistthought.Forinstance,RichardP.LynchhaspointedoutthatthenovelisthebestofFowlesworkstoexaminecloselyonthegeneralissueofhumanfreedom.,ABriefIntroductiontoExistentialism,In1895,Originsofspeciesdestroyedallthetraditionalthoughts,demonstratingthathumansevolvedfromapes,notcreatedbytheGod.Therefore,mansvalueandstatusbecamethefirstthingtoconcern.Moreover,theSecondWorldWarhadagreaterinfluenceonhumanconsciousness,whichmadepeoplethinkaboutthemeaningofexistence.Thetermofexistencebroughtintouseinthe1940s.JohnFowlesgavehisdefinitiontoexistentialfreedom:
“awayoflookingat,andutilizing,otherphilosophies.Itisatheoryofrelativityamongtheoriesofabsolutetruth.”,2Freedomofcharacterschoice,2.1ThechoiceofSarahAsthesayinggoes,“wherethereisrepression,thereisrebellion”.Sarah,theprotagonist,hasclearintention:
thatistogetridoftheconstraintsofherlife.Inthenovel,Sarahconfrontswiththreedifferentchoices.Thefirstchoiceistobea“fallenwoman”,althoughpeopleintheLymeconsideredSarahasa“fallenwoman”,shechoosesnottocareaboutwhatotherpeoplethinkabouther.WecanproveitinherwordstoCharles.Sheexpressesherselfinthis:
“Iamadoublydishonoredwomanbycircumstances,andbychoice.IdiditsothatIshouldneverbethesameagain.Icouldnotmarrythatman.SoImarriedshame,IfIhadleftthatroom,andreturnedtoMrs.Talbots,andresumedmyformerexistence,IknowthatbynowIshouldbetrulydeadandbemyownhand.Whathaskeptmealiveismyshame,myknowingthatIamtrulynotlikeotherwomen,IthinkIhaveafreedomtheycannotunderstand.Noinsult,noblame,cantouchme,becauseIhavesetmyselfbeyondthepale.Iamnothing,Iamhardlyhumananymore,andIamtheFrenchLieutenantsWhore.”Aswecitedinthenovel,Sarah,herselfchoosetobeshamesothatshecangetfreedomotherscannotunderstand.Becausewhatsheseekstoistheabsolutefreedom.,Sarahssecondchoice,themostimportantone,isthatshechoosesCharles.BeforemeetingwithCharles,Sarahgetsinvolvedinmanyrumors.Actually,Sarahiswaiting,searchingforsomethingunconventional.AftermeetingwithCharles,Sarahisenlightened.Inhereyes,Charlesisdifferentfromothers.SarahchoosestoapproachCharlesactivelyratherthanwaitingforhim,andshecreatesopportunitiestomeetCharlesagainandagain,tryingtoseducehim.Sarahisconfrontedwithherlastchoiceinthelastending.WhenCharlesfindsSarahinLondon,shechoosestorejecthim.Shetellshimtherewasa“falsehood”intheirrelationshipfromthebeginning.SarahrejectsCharlessproposalfortworeasons.Thefirstoneisthatshehaslongfor“loneliness”morethanshehaspreviouslyimagined.“Marriageisperhapsthegreatestinstitutionofholding,andenjoyingamonghumanbeing”(TonyE.Jackson,1997:
12).ButSarahdoesnotwantmarriage,because“thewaythatitholdswouldruinthepleasurethatitseekstoguarantee”(12).SarahtellsCharles:
“Idonotwanttosharemylife,IwishtobewhatIam,notwantahusband.mustexpectmetobecomeinmarriage”(Fowles,1969:
353).Thesecondreasonisthatsheissatisfiedwithherpresentlife.Herchoicesarethebestexplanationofanoldsaying“Lifeispreciousandlovemorevaluable;yetforthesakeoffreedombothcanbesacrificed”.,2.2ThechoiceofCharlesInthenovel,thereoccurseveralimportantoccasionsinthestoryforCharlestomakeachoice,eachchoicemadebyCharlesinthedevelopmentofthestoryisoutofhisownfreewill.Itishisself-determiningchoicesthatputhimtotheroadtoexistentialfreedom.Atfirst,alreadyengagedtoErnestina,Charlesisintriguedandattractedbythismysteriouswoman,Sarah.AndthenhechoosestoapproachSarah,tohelpher,togetinhertrapwillingly.AnotherimportantchoiceinthestoryisthathedecidestobreakhisengagementtoErnestinaandgoesforSarah.FollowinghismeetingwithSarahandCharlesrealizesthatSarahistheonlyrealthinginhislife.ThenCharlesbreakhisengagementtoErnestina.CharlesacceptsthisandgoesonsearchingforSarah.Inthelastending,whenCharlesfindsSarahandasksSarahtomarryhim,Sarahdeclaresthatshewillnevermarryandresisthispleading.ButCharlesalsorejectsSarahssuggestionofanunmarriedfriendship.Thisishislastchoiceonhisroadtofreedom.Itishischoicetoendtheirrelationshipforever.Charlesleavesalone,outcast,butindependent.,3FreedominrebellionagainstVictorianconventionality,WeseeconservatismandhypocrisyfeaturetheVictorianageThestoryhappenedinVictoriangoldenperiodItisanabsurd,uglyandcoldsocietyUndertheheavypressureofitshypocriticalmoralityandconventionality,humanbeingasindividualisdeprivedofhisownwillandfreedom.WefindthethemeofExistentialisticfreedomincharactersrebellionagainstVictorianconventionality.,3.1TherebelliousbehaviorsofSarah,SarahisasymbolofwhatWasforbiddenintheVictorianageSarahstrugglesforfreedomandagainstsocialconventions,but
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