乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译:
AssessmentofRuralTourisminTurkeyUsingSWOTAnalysis
MaterialSource:
JournalofApplieSciencesAuthor:
HasanAkca
INTRODUCTION
Turkeyisacountrysituatedatcrossroadsofthreecontinents:
Asia,EuropeandAfrica.Itoccupiessome780thousandkm^2oflandandissurroundedby8000kmofcoastline.Accordingtotheresultsof2000populationcensus,thepopulationofthecountryis67803927.Nearly35%ofthecountrypopulationlivesinruralareas.Thenumberofvillagesisnearly37thousandandabouttwo-thirdsofthemhavepopulationsbelow500.Besides,one-thirdsofruraldwellersliveinthevillageslocatedwithinandadjacenttotheforests.
Theneedtoredressregionalimbalancesandtoimproveincomedistributionamongvarioussectionsofsocietyisengagingtheattentionofpolicymakers.Thecreationofemployment,theimprovementofrurallivingstandardsandthereversalofthetrendtowardsmigrationofruralpopulationstourbanareasaresomeofthemainobjectivesofTurkishgovernment'sruraldevelopmentpolicies(MuthooandOnul,1996)
Atthebeginningof1990s,Turkeyhasdecidedtodiversifytourisminordertocompetewithwesterncountries.ThebasicphilosophyofnewtourismconceptofTurkeycanbesummarizedastourismactivityinfourseasons,throughoutthecountryandevaluatingcultural,historical,environmentalpotentialofthecountry.Inthiscontext,Turkeyisworkingontwotypesofalternativetourism.Thefirsttypeincludesbotanical,airballoon,water-related,thermalandhealth,physicalrecreation,religiousandculturaltourism.Thesecondtype,closelyrelatedtothefirst,includescampingandcaravan,birdwatching(ornithology),wintersports,hunting(sportivefishingandwildanimals)andgolftourism(Pirnar,1996;TavmergenandOral,1999).NorthernandCentralAnatolianactorsarebusypromotingruralandhighlandholidays,softtourismactivitieslikerafting,trekkingandcavingwhilelocalpartnersalongtheSoutherncoastarebusydevelopingmasstourismactivities(Goymen,2000).
RuraltourismisattheintroductionstageoftourismproductlifecyclesinceitisanewactivityinTurkey.Therefore,thenumberofresearchdealingwithruraltourismislimited.Andalsothereisadifficultyingatheringanddisseminatingdata.InordertolookthefutureclearlyandmakeaccuratepoliciesdrawingthewholepictureofruraltourisminTurkeyisveryimportant.
Inthiscontext,theaimofthestudyistoevaluatecurrentconstraintsforandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourismsectorpointofviewofconservationofnatural,historicalandculturalvalues,sustainableruraldevelopmentandintegratingtourism,agriculturalandruraldevelopmentpoliciesofTurkeywiththoseoftheEU.
THECONCEPTOFRURAT,TOURISM
Ruraltourismisamulti-facetedactivity:
Itisnotjustfarm-basedtourism.Itincludesfarm-basedholidaysbutalsocomprisesspecialinterestnatureholidaysandeco-tourism,walking,climbingandridingholidays,adventure,sportandhealthtourism,huntingandangling,educationaltravel,artsandheritagetourismand,insomeareasethnictourism(BramwellandLane,1994)
Lackofstudiesonruraltourismiscompoundedfurtherbytheabsenceofacommonlyaccepteddefinitionastowhatconstitutesruraltourism.Sometimesruraltourismisequatedwithfarmtourism(Oppermann,1996).SomeauthorsincludeoutdoorrecreationandtourisminNationalParksandwildernessareasintoruraltourism(Ladki,1993;Owens,1984);ButDernoi(1991)excludesthem.Ontheotherhand,Pearce(1990)discussessecondhomesinthecontextofruraltourism.
RURALTOURISMACTIVITIESINTURKEY
InrecentyearslocalgovernorsandNGOsthroughoutthecountryhavebeentryingtobenefitfromruraltourismviasupplyingallhistorical,natural,culturelandreligiousvaluesinbothdomesticandforeigntourismmarkets.Someoftheactivitiesaresummarizedasfollows:
UrgedmunicipalityhasdecidedtoapplyaprojectaimingatintroductionofrurallifeintheCappadociaregion.Totalbudgetoftheprojectis50milliondollarsanditwillbeorganizedbyMagicLifeInternational.Inthecontextofproject,bothdomesticandforeignvisitorswillattendvillageweddingceremonies,cooktraditionalruralmeals,milkingcowsandsheep.
IntheValleyofKizilcukur,locatedinthedistrictofOrtahisar,Nevsehirprovincelocalgovernorisorganizedatourfortouristtoseethesun.Becausethisareaisagoodplacewherethesunrisesandsetsbestintheworld.Everyyearnearly30,000touristsvisittheplacepayingnearly$1.5perday.
CamelwrestlingisorganizedinmanyvillagesandcountiesofMediterranean,MarmaraandEgeanregionsduringwinterseason.
Inthelasttwoyears,soapoperaweremadeinruralareasofTurkey.Inaddition,TurkishfilmsnamedSunShinesfromtheEast,TasteattheSummitsandHeadsorTailsweremadeinCappadocia.Therefore,manypeoplegotovillagesmentionedabovetoseeactorsandactress.Visithistoricalplacesandlivenostalgia.
InrecentyearssometourismagencieshaveorganizedtourscoveringtherouteofSilkRoad.
SomeruralpeoplewhoweretrainedbyprofessionalsjointparalyzingactivityinruralareasofArizonianandMuglaprovinces.
TherearesomeprivateorganizationssupplyingruraltourismserviceinSouthwestpartofTurkey.OneofthemisHUZURVADISI.Itisaholidayretreat,whichoffersyoga,holisticandwalkingholidaysandalternativetherapiesatabeautifultraditionalrestoredfarmsteadinasecludedmountainvalleyonFisheyecoast.Touristsareaccommodatedincomfortablenomadicyurts,aspecialhighlightoftheholiday.AnotherprofessionalruraltourismactivityisorganizedbyTOHUMpresentsanopportunitytovisitandliveintraditionalvillages,organicfarming,folkdancingandotheractivities.
BlackSeaRegionofTurkeyissuitableforecotourismandplateautourism.Inthecontextofruraltourismprojects,somelocalgovernorsareestablishingorrestoringwoodencottagesinthehighlandstoaccommodatetourists.Duringtheholidayvisitorshaveanopportunitybreathingfreshair,eatingtraditionalmealsandsightseeingtheexoticfloraandfauna.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
SWOTanalysistechniquewasusedinordertoexplaincurrentconstraintsandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourisminTurkey.SWOTstandsforstrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreats.ASWOTanalysisisessentiallyabrainstormingsessiononthekeyvariablesthataffectafirm's/sector'sperformance(Hendricks,1999;Huberetal.1999).
Inthestudyfollowingmethodswereusedinordertocollectdata:
i)thoroughouttheyear2004,allTVprogramsshowedin20TVchannelsrelatedtotourism,rurallife,culturalactivity,mountain,etcwerewatched,ii)10provincesandtheircountiesandvillageswerevisitedindifferentgeographicalregionsofthecountry,iii)reportedspeechesweremadewithruraldwellersinordertodefinepossiblepotentialsourcesforruraltourism,iv)literaturewasreviewedtohavebackgroundinformationaboutruraltourismandtheirlikelyeffectsonruralpeopleandareas.v)governmentpolicieswereexaminedtolearntheirviewsonruraldevelopmentandruraltourism.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
TheresultsofSWOTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkeyaregiveninTable1.
Table1:
SOWTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkey
Strengths
Weaknesses
TourismEncouragementActNo:
2634
2010TourismVisionofTurkishGovern-ment
Declarationoftheyear2002as“InternationalYearofMountains”
Unspoiledenvironmentandfloraandfauna
UnlimitedhospitalofTurkishruraldwellers
Changesinthepreferencesoftourists
Extraordinarylandscape
Neartomaintouristmarketsgeographically
Supplyingexoticcombinationofwestandwestandeast
Difficultiesinmarketingofruraltourismproductatinternationalmarkets
Lackofscientificmeetingrelatedtoruraltourismatlocalandnationallevel
Difficultiesingatheringanddisseminatingdate
Inadequateacademicstudyonruraltourism
Lackofco-ordinationamongruralNGO
Limitednumberofaccommodation
Notspeakingofforeignlanguagesbyruralpeople
Opportunities
Threats
HavingopportunityfortourismthroughTurkeyinfourseasons
Developmentsinawarenessofurbanpe-
opletonature,undiscovereddestinations
IncreaseinthenumberofTVprogramsfocusingontoruralareas
Younganddynamicpopulationintheruralareastobeadoptedtheconceptoftourismeasily
CandidacyofTurkeyformembershiptotheEU
Constructing15000kmofthedouble-road
Warpossibilityinneighbor
Affects11SeptembereventsintheUSAonworldtourism
Deceaseindomestictourists’householdincome
PromotionofruraltourismasanewproductisverylowinTurkey,comparedtowesterncountries.However,inrecentyearstherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionprogramsfocusedonruralityandalsoruraltourisminTurkey.Everybodyexceptthattheseprogramshaveanimportantroleintheintroductionofruraldwellers'lifestyle,floraandfaunaandhistoricalandculturalvaluesinruralareastourbanpeopledesiringtoseedifferentplaces,toliveadventureandtobeinanaturalenvironment.Someoftheprogramsaresummarizedasfollows:
AdrenalineontheBRT,CaravanandAdventureronSTV,VitalPointonNTV,DiscovereronATV,TelecriticsandRainbowonTGRT,.Let'sVisitandSeeandInEddiesorwhirls:
AnatoliaonTRT1,SeaMagazine,Zeugma.Yesterday,TodayandTurnoveronTRT2andMr.TourismandHolidayGuideonTV8,NostalgiaonFlashTV,ThingsthatwehavenotseenandheardonStar.
CONCLUSION
Turkeyhasanimportantpotentialtourism.However,ruraltourismresourcesforalternativehavenotbee
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