美国文学史复习资料.docx
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美国文学史复习资料.docx
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美国文学史复习资料
10.HermanMelville
Butitisbettertofailinoriginalitythantosucceedinimitation.Hewhohasneverfailedsomewhere,thatmancannotbegreat.
(1819-1891)
TeachingObjectives
Melville’sLifeandMainWorks
Melville’smasterpieceMobyDick
TheMainPlot,Majorcharacters,theme,Symbols
SocialsignificanceofMobyDick
LifeExperience
bornonAugust1,1819inNewYorkCityintoanestablishedmerchantfamily,thethirdof8children.Hisfatherbecamebankruptandinsane,dyingwhenMelvillewas12.Hisseaexperiencesandadventuresfurnishedhimwithabundantmaterials,andresultedinfivenovelsthatbroughthimwidefameasawriterofseastories.
In1850,hemetHawthorneandtheybecamegoodfriends.HereadHawthorne’sbooksandwasdeeplyimpressedbyHawthorne’sblackvision.
Hisfamewasrecognizedafterhisdeath.
Melville’sMajorWorks
1)Typee«泰皮»
2)Omoo«欧穆»
3)Mardi«玛地»
4)Bedburn«雷得本»
5)WhiteJacket«白外衣»
fromhisadventuresamongthepeopleoftheSouthPacificislands
anaccountofhisvoyagetoEngland
hislifeonaUnitedStatesman-of-war
6)Pierre«皮埃尔»
7)BillyBudd《比利•巴德》(asignthathehadresolvedhisquarrelwithGod)
Clarel《克拉莱尔》(apoem)
Moby-Dick«白鲸»,«莫比•狄克»
anencyclopediaofeverything
history,philosophy,religion,thewhalingindustry
aShakespeareantragedyofmanfightingagainstfates
HisTragicInfluencefromLiteraryTradition
Atthetimeofwriting,MelvillewasreadingGreektragedy,especiallytheOrestia(奥瑞斯提亚)ofAeschylus
ImmersedinthetragediesofShakespeare–KingLear,Hamlet,Othello,Macbeth
Epicpoetry,Homer
MobyDick
(1)
ThisbookisdedicatedtoHawthorne,forHawthorneencourgedMelvilletochangethisnovelfromastoryfullofdetailsaboutwhaling,intoanallegoricalnovel.
MobyDick
(2)
Epicinscope.
Itconsistsof135chapters.
-thelongandarduousjourney
-thegreatbattle
Definedasanepic,whichcontainsatragicdrama,atragedyofpride,andpursuitandrevenge,whichisalsoatragedyofthought
与白鲸有关的背景
对爱斯基摩人来说,白鲸也是非常重要的,不仅因为其肉好吃,而且它们的油用来点灯不仅明亮,还能释放出大量热量,使简陋的冰屋保持温暖。
除此之外,白鲸的皮也很有用,还有一种香味,可以制成各种装饰品。
然而,不幸的是,自从17世纪以来,由于捕鲸的高额利润,捕鲸者对白鲸进行了疯狂的捕杀,致使白鲸数量锐减。
更加可悲的是白鲸的生态环境遭到毁灭性的破坏,一批批白鲸相继死亡
Characters
Ishmael:
Thenamehascometosymbolizeorphans,exiles,andsocialoutcasts(inGenesis)----thesonofAbrahamandtheslavegirlHagar
Elijah:
ThecharacterElijah(namedfortheBiblicalprophet,Elijah
Ahab:
AhabisthetyrannicalcaptainofthePequodwhoisdrivenbyamonomaniacaldesiretokillMobyDick,
Mates:
Starbuck,Stubb.Flask.ThethreematesofthePequodareallfromNewEngland
Harpooners:
Queequeg,Tashtego,Daggoo,Fedallah(fromdifferentcountriesintheworld)
IntroductiontoIshmael
Thenarratorofthestory(knowledgeable,intelligent),digressionfromart,geology,anatomy,tolegalcodes,andliterature----Jackofalltrades
Awhalingship“ismyYaleCollegeandHarvard”
Hisintentionintheshipjourney:
outofsomespiritualmalaise(精神的抑郁)
Additionally,Ishmaelrepresentsthecontradictionbetweenthestoryanditssetting.(suitablebutfictional)
Learnedperson&working-classmen(less-educatedandevenrough)
Ahab
ThePeqod’sobsessedcaptain,representsbothanancientandamoderntypeofhero.LiketheheroesofGreekorShakespeareantragedy,Ahabsuffersfromasinglefatalflaw(致命性的缺陷).----overconfidence
AccordingtothecriticM.H.Abrams,suchatragichero“moveustopitybecause,sinceheisnotanevilperson,hismisfortuneisgreaterthanhedeserves;buthemovesusalsotofear,becausewerecognizesimilarpossibilitiesoferrorinourownlesserandfallibleselves.”
这样一个悲剧英雄人物让我们为之感动,因为他不是一个恶人,他的不幸超过了他所得到的;但是他也让我们感到恐惧,因为我们认识到,尽管我们渺小,易于犯错误,但也会有可能铸成如此大错。
MobyDick
MobyDickisnotacharacter,asthereaderhasnoaccesstothewhitewhale’sthoughts,feelings,orintentions.
Instead,mobydickisanimpersonalforce,onethatmanycriticshaveinterpretedasanallegoricalrepresentationofGod,aninscrutableandall-powerfulbeingthathumankindcanneitherunderstandnordefy.
SymbolsinMobyDick
ThePequod
MobyDick(IsMobyDickevilorgood?
)
ThePequod
asymbolofdoom(注定要死亡的象征)
ThePequodisthemicrocosomofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.
namedafteraNativeAmericantribeinMassachusetts
didnotlongsurvivethearrivalofwhitemen(extincted)
ispaintedgloomyblackandcoveredinwhaleteethandbones
likeaprimitivecoffin
MobyDick
ishiddenallthetime
mirrorsitsenviorment
unknownandunknowabletruths
onlythesurfaceoftheoceanisavailableforhumanobservationandinterpretation
thedepthsconcealunknowntruths
ametaphorforthehumanrelationshipwiththeChristainGod:
Godisunkownandcannotbepinneddown
inscrutable,mysterious
ForthecharacterAhab,however,thewhaleonlyrepresentsevil.
ForMelvilleandIshmael--thenarrator,MobyDickisstillamystery,anultimatemysteryoftheuniverse,inscrutableandambivalent.
So,thesymbolicmeaningsofMobyDickareambiguous.Itisthesymbolofbothholyandevilthings.
ThemesofMobyDick
themes
futilityandmeaninglessnessofexistence存在的徒劳无益与无意义
alienation
lonelinessandsuicidalindividualism
rejectionandquest
ThemesofMobyDick
Melville‘sbleakview(negativeattitude):
thesenseoffutility(徒劳无益)andmeaninglessnessoftheworld.
Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.Mancannotovercomenature.Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.
ThemesofMobyDick
theadventureofkillingMobyDickismeaningless.
Ahabtriestocontrolit,whichleadstohisdoom.
theembodimentofnature
modernlife
thelossoffaith,thesenseoffutility
wellexpressedinMobyDick
ThemesofMobyDick
2)alienation(farawayfromeachother)
existsbetweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.
Ahabcutshimselfofffromhisfamily,staysawayfromhiscrew,hatesMobyDickandbecomesadevilrushingtohisdoom.
ThemesofMobyDick
3)lonelinessandsuicidalindividualism(individualismcausingdisasteranddeath)
thebasicpatternofnineteenth-centuryAmericanlife
4)rejectionandquest
VoyagingforIshmaelhasbecomeajourneyinquestofknowledgeandvalues.
Writingstyle
Hisworksaresymbolicandmetaphorical.
voyage-"searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience."
thePequod-theshipoftheAmericansoul
MobyDick---asymbolof
itswhiteness---paradoxicalcolor
evil
goodness
both
deathandcorruption
purity,innocence,andyouth
Writingstyle
(2)Hemanagestoachievetheeffectofambiguitythroughemployingthetechniqueofmultipleviewofhisnarratives.
MobyDickisportrayedforthereaderfromdifferentangles.Theauthorisunwillingtocommithimself,andthereaderisthrownuponhimselfforjudgment.
Writingstyle
(3)narrativepointofview:
a.Ishmaelisthenarrator(asalearnedperson,theonlypeoplewhosurvivedtheadventure).
b.dramaticmonologuesandsoliloquiesofAhabandothercharacters.
SocialSignificance
HarmoniousviewbetweenManandMan,ManandNature,manandGod.
Respectthenature’slaw,otherwisehumanbeingswillgotpunishedbynature
Natureisofgoodwill,man’sactivitiescorruptit.
鹅銮鼻蔓榕
有人说这像台湾岛,是的,挺像的,但我们更愿意把它看作在人类面前打开的大自然之窗,引导我们观察和审美阔大幽深的自然;我们还想起卡森经常在海边的礁石洞里探寻美丽的海洋生物,她回眸往外一看,看到的一定就是这个景观。
接吻石
银叶板根树
银叶板根树
垦丁之花
船帆石,“船帆石”,这是一个突出于海面的珊瑚礁,从某些角度来看像是一片船帆,而侧面看起来像有着大大的鼻子的人脸,有人说这侧面有点像美国前总统尼克松,你觉得呢?
四位很艺术的年轻人,男的留着长发,穿着短裤甚至赤裸上身,一个女生美丽时髦,戴着帽子,他们在该处不是旅游而是捡拾垃圾,在海雾蒙蒙中清洁路面。
我们被他们深深地打动了!
竟然有这样的年轻人!
如此的艺术气质、如此的时尚和如此的生态责任、如此的社会使命感,完全颠覆了我们对80后年轻人——特别是时尚和从事艺术创作的80后年轻人的刻板印象。
台北捷运候车的椅子!
11.MarkTwain
TeachingOutline
HistoricalBackgrounds
LiteraryTerms(AmericanRealism,Naturalism)
MarkTwain
OHenry
HenryJames
JackLondon
TheodoreDreiser
HarrietBeecherStowe
HistoricalBackgrounds
TheAmericanCivilWar,whichcostUS$8billionandclaimed600,000lives,exertedagreatinfluenceonAmericansociety,aninfluencewhichnoonecouldignore.Infact,theWarmarkedatremendouschangeinAmericanmoralvalues.
InfluenceofCivilWar
"TheindustrialNorthhadtriumphedovertheagrarianSouth,andfromthatvictorycameasocietybasedonmasslaborandmassconsumption"(AAL2:
1).
Thegrowthofpopulation(doubledfrom1870to1890)broughtforthlargecitiesandtowns.Atthesametime,thenationalincomequadrupled.Bymid-1890s,about4,000millionairesappeared,whichincludedRockefeller,CarnegieandMorganwhodominatedtheAmericanindustryinalargeextentintheearlyhalfofthe20thcentury.Thegulfbetweentherichandthepoorwaswidenedasaresultofthegrowthofindustry.
EndofWestwardMovement
Thefrontierwasabouttoclose.Peoplebegantofeelasenseofsufferingandunhappiness."TheGildedAge"cameinsteadofthegoldenonewhichpeopleexpected.Thisis"anageofextremes":
"ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope"(AAL2:
2).
Disillusionmentandfrustrationwerewidelyfelt.Thenationalspiritchangedtoadmirationfordrivingambition,alustformoneyandpower.
Transportation,EducationandWomen
TherailroadchangedhowAmericansworkedandlived.Ittransportedproductsfromwesttoeast,andfromnorthtosouth.Peoplebecamemobile,too.SteelmakingbecamethedominantindustryinAmerica.Thiswasanageofsteamandsteel,oilandelectricity.Theagewasstillinanoptimisticatmosphere.
Sucharapidgrowthdemandedwidespreadeducation.NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation'sliterarycenter.
WomenbecameadominatingvoiceinAmericanculturalforce.
AmericanRealism(origin)
RealismoriginatedinFranceasreálisme,aliterar
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