跨文化交际中的语言失误 英语专业毕业论文 跨文化交际Word文档格式.doc
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跨文化交际中的语言失误 英语专业毕业论文 跨文化交际Word文档格式.doc
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Recently,thereisawaveofglobalizationduetofactorsincludingmassaccesstointernet,globalizationofindustry,andexpansionofeducationalexchangesandsoon.Newtechnologies,growthoftheworld’spopulation,andshiftintheglobaleconomicareahaveallcontributedtotheincreaseincross-culturalcommunication.Therefore,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeindispensabletoday.
Languageusedbyhumanbeingsisthemostbasictoolforcommunication,whichplaysacrucialroleintheprocessofhumanhistoricaldevelopment.Weusewordstopersuade,toexchangeideas,toexpressviews,toseekinformation,andtoexpressfeelings.Wemadeculturalchoiceswhenweareusinghumanlanguagetocommunicatewithotherpeople.Cultureshapesourideasandplaysacrucialroleoninfluencingourwayofusinglanguage.Atthesametime,languagecanalsobeconsideredasawindowtotheculture.Theyarecloselyconnectedwitheachotherandcanneverbeseparated.Therefore,weshouldnotonlylearnlinguisticskillswellbutalsoknowmuchknowledgeaboutforeignculturesifwewanttoconqueraforeignlanguageandbecomeaneffectivecommunicator.
Butthefactisthatmanypeopledidn’tpaymuchattentiontotheculturalbackgroundsandusedwordstocommunicatewithothersinaninappropriatewayandinappropriateoccasion.Inthisway,thesocialpragmaticfailuresoftenoccurduringthecross-culturalcommunication.
Becauseofthefierceconflictsbetweenthepopularityofcross-culturalcommunicationandthefrequentlyhappeningcommunicationbarriers,thefactorsaffectingcommunicationaredrawingmuchmoreattentionfromtheresearchers.Inthepasttwodecades,therehasbeenanincreasinginterestinthestudyofpragmaticfailuresincross-culturalcommunication.Cross-culturalsocialpragmaticfailureshavebeenanimportantareaofpragmaticsandcross-culturalcommunicationstudies.Thesocialpragmaticfailuresaremainlycausedbyculturaldifferencesandlackofawarenessaboutthisissue.Hence,wehavetofigureoutsomesolutionstodealwithit,suchasstrengthenculturalawareness,avoidnegativestereotypeandcultivatecross-culturalcommunicationcompetence.Onlyinthiswaycanweachieveasatisfiedresultfromtheinterculturalcommunication
2TheoreticalBackgrounds
Inordertohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofsocialpragmaticfailuresduringtheinter-culturalcommunication,we’dbetterlearnsomebackgroundinformationaboutculture.Theknowledgeaboutdefinitionofculture,cross-culturalcommunication,andthesocialpragmaticfailuresandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureareoughttobefamiliartous..
2.1DefinitionofCulture
Theword“culture”isalargeandevasiveconcept,verycomplexanddifficulttodefine.Therearehundredsofdefinitionsforculture.HereIpresentonlytwoconceptswhichIfavormost.Theoneis“Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habits,livingpatterns,andbehaviorswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicareas.”(D.Brown,40)Theotherisexplainedinamoredetailedway:
“cultureisman’smedium;
thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture.Thismeanspersonality,howpeopleexpressthemselves(includingshowsofemotion),thewaytheythink,howtheymove,howproblemsaresolved,howtheircitiesareplannedandlaidout,howtransportationsystemsfunctionandareorganized,aswellashoweconomicandgovernmentsystemsareputtogetherandfunction.”(EdwardT.Hall,40)
2.2DefinitionofCross-culturalCommunication
Asisknowntoall,thecross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeincreasinglyimportantforhumans.Theneedforcross-culturalcommunicationisasoldashumankind.We’vediscussedthedefinitionofculture.Now,itisnecessarytoknowsomethingabouttheconceptsofcross-culturalcommunication,whichisthefiststeptohaveadeeperunderstandingofsocialpragmaticfailures.Thecross-culturalcommunication(alsofrequentlyreferredtoasinter-culturalcommunication,whichisalsousedinadifferentsense,though)isafieldofstudythatlooksathowpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicate,insimilarordifferentwaysamongthemselves,andhowtheyendeavortocommunicateacrosscultures.
2.3RelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture
Languageandculturearecloselyconnectedwitheachotheranditisimpossibletoseparateoutuseoflanguagefromourculture.Asisknowntoall,languagehasbeenactingasaveryimportantroleintheprocessofhumanhistoricaldevelopment.JustastheAmericanpoetRalphWaldoEmerson’ssimplesentence“languageisthearchivesofhistory”.Hisdeclarationmakesusrealizethatoneofthemajorcharacteristicsidentifyingusashumansisourabilitytouselanguage---tomakesoundsandmarksserveassubstitutesforthingsandfeelings.
Inthepast,peopleusuallyregardedlanguageassimplyaneutralmedium,whichdidnotinfluencethewaypeopleexperiencedtheworld.Itwasmerelyavehiclebywhichideaswerepresented,ratherthanashaperofverysubstanceofthoseideas.Thisviewhadbeendeniedbylaterlinguists.Thenewpointisthatlanguageandculturearecloselylinkedwitheachother.Languageisthereflectionofcultureandcultureisareflectionoflanguage.
Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesaswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentences,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Ifweselectlanguagewithoutbeingawareoftheculturalimplications,wemaybeatbestnotcommunicatewellandatworstsendthewrongmessage.Atthesametime,languageisthemostsymbolicreflectionofculture.Membersoftheculturehavecreatedthelanguagetocarryoutalltheirculturalpractices,toidentifyandorganizealltheirculturalproducts,andtonametheunderlyingculturalperspectivesinallthevariouscommunitiesthatcomprisetheirculture.Thewordsoflanguage,itsexpressions,structures,soundsandscriptsreflecttheculture,justastheculturalproductsandpracticesreflectthelanguage.Language,therefore,isperceivedaswindowtotheculture.Inaword,itisimpossibletoseparatelanguageandcultureapart.
Hence,inourprocessofinterculturalcommunicationnotonlythelinguisticusageofcertainlanguageshouldbeemphasizedbutalsohowtousethelanguageintherighttimeaswellastherightoccasion.Ifwefailedtodothis,communicationbarriersmustoccur,andsocialpragmaticfailuresarethemosttypicalonesamongthosecommunicationbarriers.
2.4Cross-culturalSocialPragmaticFailures
Theterm“pragmaticfailure”wasfirstusedbyBritishlinguistJennyThomasinherpaper“cross-culturalpragmaticfailure”(1983),publishedinappliedlinguistics.Itistodefinetheinabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatsaid.Thomasdividedpragmaticfailureintotwotypes,pragmatic-linguisticfailureandsocial-pragmaticfailure.Pragmatic-linguisticfailurereferstotheinabilityininterpretingthelinguisticmeaningbymistakenbeliefsaboutpragmaticforceofutterance.Andsocialpragmaticfailurereferstotheexpressiveinappropriatenessresultedfromthemisunderstandingortheignoranceofsocialorculturaldifferences.Itfallsintotwomainaspects:
failureincultureandfailureinsocialnorms.
Pragmatic-linguisticfailurecanberegardedasthepartofthegrammarandeasytoovercome.Socialpragmaticfailure,however,involvesthespeakers’knowledgeofthelanguageandsystemofbeliefwhichmakesitmoredifficulttodealwith.Pragmatic-linguisticfailuresmayonlymakeothersthinkthatyouare“speakingbadly”,butsocialpragmaticfailuremayprobablyleaveotherstheimpressionof“behavingbadly”andcausegreatembarrassmentandmisunderstandingsduringinter-culturalcommunication.Therefore,we’dbettertryourbesttoavoidthesocialpragmaticfailuresandinteractwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesasactivelyaspossible.Onlyinthiswaycanweachieveaneffectivecommunicationresult.
3TypicalAnalyses
Becauseofthenegativetransferofnativeculturetotargetculture,socialpragmaticfailureshavebecomeoneofmainfactorsleadtothecommunicationbarriers.HereIlistsixaspectsofreflectingsocialpragmaticfailuresandthecomparesarepresentedbetweenchinaandwesterncountries.
3.1FormofAddress
Everycountryhasitsownwaytoaddresspeople.Intheprocessofcross-culturalcommunication,wehavetobecautiousenoughtochoosetherightformofaddressaccordingtootherpeople’sculture.
Case
(1)(AChinesestudentgreetshisforeignteacher)
Student:
“Hello,TeacherHedges.”
Analyses:
Inchina,it’squitenaturalforstudentstocalltheirteachersbycombingthetitleoftheprofessionandthefirstname.Butinwesterncountries,especiallyinAmerican,“teacher”isjustaprofessionbutnotaformofaddress.TherightwaytogreetteachersistoaddMr/Mrs/Missinfrontofone’sfamilyname,orcalltheirnamestraightforwardly.
Case
(2)(AchildinchinametanAmericaninaparkandtriedtospeaktohimcourteously)
A:
Uncle,howdoyoudo?
B:
PleasecallmeJohn;
I’mnotyouruncle.
InChina,childrenoftencalltheelderpeopleuncleorauntforthesakeofshowingtheirgreatrespecttothem.Butinwesterncountries,theappellationof“uncle”canonlybeusedbyrelatives.Iftheyheardunfamilia
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