专英词汇表.docx
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专英词汇表.docx
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专英词汇表
Glossary
accountabilityTheprincipleunderwhichthepublicofficialsinademocracyareheldresponsiblefortheiractionsbythosewhoelectedorappointedthem.
adjudicationTheprocessbywhichajudgmentordecisionismadeaccordingtolaw;adversaryproceedingsinacourtoflaw.
administrativelaw行政法Therulesandregulationsmadebygovernmentagencies.
affirmativeaction优惠政策、纠偏行动Thehiringofmembersofaminoritygroupinordertomakeupforpreviousdiscriminationagainstthatgroup.
agenda议程Thelistofitemstobeconsideredatameetingorlegislativesession(议会会议);moregenerally,thepoliticallyrelevantissues.
amendment修正案Achangeinoradditiontoabill,motion,orconstitution.
amicuscuriaebriefAbrieffiledbyapersonwhoisnotapartytoalawsuitbutmaybeaffectedbyitsoutcome.
appeal上诉Alegalproceedinginwhichacaseiscarriedfromalowercourttoahighercourtforrevieworreexamination.
appellatejurisdictionTherighttotrycasesonappealfromlowercourts.
appropriationAbillgrantingtheactualfundsforaprogramthathasbeenauthorizedbyCongress.
authorizationCongressionallegislationprescribingaparticularprogramandputtinglimitsonspendingforthatprogram.
TheArticlesofConfederation邦联条例TheArticleswereacompromisebetweenthestatesandthecentralgovernment.条例是各个州与中央政府之间的妥协。
(邦联:
有若干个州组成的松散联盟)
BillofRights人权法案ThefirsttenamendmentstotheU.S.Constitution.protecttherightsoftheindividualcitizen.
budget预算Astatementofestimatedincomeandexpenses.
bureaucraticdiscretionThesituationinwhichbureaucratsareabletomakepolicyinsteadofsimplycarryingitout.
capitalism资本主义Aneconomicsystembasedonprivateownershipofland,naturalresources,andthemeansofproduction,distribution,andexchange,inwhichthereisaminimumofgovernmentinterferenceintheeconomy.
centralizationThegravitationofpoliticalpoweranddecision-makingresponsibilityfromunitsoragenciesthataregeographicallysmallorfunctionallyseparatetoonesthatarelargerormoregeneral(cf.decentralization).
checksandbalances制约与平衡Thesystemunderwhicheachbranchofthegovernmenthasthepowertolimittheactivitiesoftheotherbranches.
circuitcourt(ofappeals)Afederalcourtwithappellatejurisdictionassignedtooneoftheelevenjudicialcircuits,orregions,intheUnitedStates.
citizens'lobbyAninterestgroupthatlobbiesinbehalfofthepublicwelfare(e.g.,consumerprotection,conservation,politicalreform,etc.).
civilliberties公民自由LibertiesguaranteedtotheindividualbytheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitution(宪法第一修正案):
freedomofspeech,press,andassembly.
civilrights公民权利Therightstowhichacitizenislegallyentitled(有合法资格的),includingindividualfreedoms,economicrights,anddueprocessoflaw.
civilserviceThesystemunderwhichmostgovernmentemployeesarehiredonthebasisofmeritandhavejobsecurityregardlessoftheadministrationinpower.
coalitionApoliticalunioncontainingavarietyofpoliticalgroups.
collectivegood公共物品Abenefitthatisavailabletoallcitizenswhetherornottheyhaveworkedtocreatethatbenefit.(eg:
publicpark/expressway/nationaldefense)
commissionplanAformofcitygovernmentinwhichasmallboardofelectedcommissionersservesbothasalegislativecouncilandasheadsofthecitydepartments(cf.council-managerplan,mayor-councilplan).
commonlawJudge-madelaw,thatis,asetofdecisionsmadebyjudgesandconsideredbindinginsimilarcases.
communalactivity公共活动Politicalactivityinwhichcitizensactasagrouptopressurethegovernment.
comprehensiveplanning全面规划Aformofplanninginwhichallpossiblewaysofsolvingaproblemareconsidered(cf.incrementalplanning).
concurrentmajorityTheideathatamajorityofthecitizensoftheUnitedStatescannotdeterminethepolicyfollowedwithinaparticularregion.
confederation联盟Aformofgovernmentinwhichthecentralgovernmentissubordinatetothestategovernments(cf.federation,unitarygovernment).
conferencecommitteeAcommitteeformedtoresolvethedifferencesbetweentheversionsofabillpassedbytheSenate参议院antheHouseofRepresentatives众议院.ItusuallyconsistsofseniormembersoftheHouseandSenatecommitteessponsoringthebill.
confirmation批准TheSenate'spowertoapprovenominations(提名)madebythePresidentforcertainpublicoffices.
congressionalcaucus国会专题研究核心小组AmeetingofthemembersofonepoliticalpartyintheSenateortheHouseofRepresentativesinwhichvariousdecisionsaremadesuchasthechoiceofcongressionalpartyleaders.Also,particularsubgroupsinCongressbasedonrace,region,andthelike.
ConnecticutCompromiseThecompromiseinwhichitwasdecidedthatCongresswouldconsistoftwohouses:
theHouseofRepresentatives,inwhichthenumberofrepresentativesfromeachstatewouldbedeterminedbypopulation,andtheSenate,inwhicheachstatewouldberepresentedequally.
conservative保守派Apoliticalpositionthatfavorsmaintainingastablesocietyandstressestheneedforstrongpoliticalandsocialinstitutions.Conservativesoftenstresstheneedtomaintainthestatusquo(现状)(cf.liberal,radical).
constituent选民Apersonwholivesinalegislativedistrict.
constitution宪法Thefundamentallaw--writtenorunwritten--thatsetsupthegovernmentofanation,state,oranyotherorganizedgroupofpeople;specifies(指定)thedutiesandpowersofthevariousgovernmentagencies;anddescribesindetailtherelationshipbetweenthecitizensandtheirgovernment.
constitutionallaw符合宪法的法律TheConstitutionplusthedecisionsmadebytheSupremeCourt(最高法院)whenithashadtointerpret(解释)theConstitution.
constitutionalism宪政Beliefingovernmentaccordingtoabasiclaw,orconstitution,againstwhichallotherlawsaremeasured.
cooperativefederalismThesysteminwhichgovernmentpowersaresharedacrossthevariouslevelsofgovernment--federal,state,andlocal(cf.dualfederalism).
council-managerplan市长负责制Aformofcitygovernmentinwhichanonpartisancouncilhiresaprofessionalcitymanager,whorunsthecitysubjecttothecouncil'sapproval(cf.commissionplan,mayor-councilplan).
decentralization非集权化Theprocessoftransferringpoliticalpoweranddecision-makingresponsibilityfromlargerpoliticalunitsoragenciestoonesthatservesmallergeographicareasornarrowerfunctionalconstituencies(cf.centralization).
defactosegregationSegregationthatresultsfromhousingpatternsinwhichdifferentsocialgroups,e.g.,blacksandwhites,liveinseparateneighborhoods.
defendant被告Thedefendingpartyinacourtcase;thepersonsuedoraccused(cf.plaintiff原告).
depletionallowanceAtaxreductionthatmaybetakenbyownersofoilangaswellsandotherminerals,supposedlytostimulateexplorationforsuchnaturalresources.
districtcourt州地方法院Afederalcourtoforiginaljurisdiction.Thereare90districtcourtsinthefederalcourtsystem.
documentaryresearchTheuseofrecordskeptbythegovernment,aswellasrecordspublishedbyothersources,indoingresearchonpoliticalquestions.
dualfederalismThedoctrinethatthestatesandthenationhaveseparateareasofresponsibility(cf.cooperativefederalism).
dueprocessoflaw正当法律程序Theguarantee,containedintheFifthandFourteenthAmendmentstotheConstitution,thatanindividualcannotbedeprivedoflife,liberty,orpropertybyanarbitraryactofgovernment.
elector选举人AmemberoftheElectoralCollege.Eachstate'selectorsarechosenbythevotersintheNovemberelection.Theyusuallyvoteasaunitforthecandidatewhowonthegreatestnumberofvotesinthatstate.
ElectoralCollege选举人团Thegroupofelectors,representingallthestates,whoactuallychoosethenewPresidentandVice-President.
ethnicgroup同种同文化民族Agroupwhosememberssharecharacteristicssuchasnationalbackground,religion,customs,orlanguage.
executiveagreement行政协定AninternationalagreementsignedbythePresidentthatdoesnotneedSenateapproval.
executiveprivilege行政特权ThedoctrineunderwhichonlythePresidentcandecidewhatinformationabouttheactivitiesoftheexecutivebranchcanberevealedtothepublicortootherbranchesofthegovernment.
federalism联邦主义Asystemofgovernmentinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralgovernmentandstateorregionalgovernments.
FederalistPapersAseriesofessayswrittenbyAlexanderHamilton,JamesMadison,andJohnJaytodefendthenewConstitution.
federation联邦Aunionofstatesinwhicheachmemberagreestosubordinateitspowertothecentralauthorityincommonaffairswhileretainingauthorityonothermatters(cf.confederation,unitarygovernment).
filibusterAdelayingtacticusedintheSenateinwhichasmallgroupcan"talkabilltodeath"undertheruleofunlimiteddebate.
floorleaders议会中的政党领袖Partyleaders,onefromeachpartyineachhouseofCongress,responsibleforkeepingpartymembersinformedandactiveinlegislativebattles.
grant-in-aid补助金Agrantoffundsbythefederalgovernmenttoastateorlocalgovernment(orbyastategovernmenttoalocalgovernment)tobeusedforaparticularpurpose.
Houseminorityleader少数党领袖TheleaderoftheminoritypartyintheHouseofRepresentatives(众议院)
impeachment弹劾Aformalaccusationofapublicofficialformisconductinoffice,madebythelowerhouseofalegislature.
impliedpowersThedoctrinethatCongressisn'tlimitedtothepowerslistedintheConstitutionbuthasallthepowersnecessarytocarryoutthosethatarelisted.
impoundmentLiterally,seizingandholdinginlegalcustody;politically,refusalbythePresidenttospendfundsappropriatedbyCongress.
incrementalplanning增值计划Aformofp
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