kongfu.docx
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kongfu.docx
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kongfu
Chinesemartialarts,whicharecalledkungfu(/ˈkʊŋˈfuː/)(Chinese:
功夫;pinyin:
gongfu)orwushu(武術),areanumberoffightingstylesthathavedevelopedoverthecenturiesinChina.Thesefightingstylesareoftenclassifiedaccordingtocommontraits,identifiedas"families"(家;jiā),"sects"(派;pài)or"schools"(門;mén)ofmartialarts.Examplesofsuchtraitsincludephysicalexercisesinvolvinganimalmimicry,ortrainingmethodsinspiredbyChinesephilosophies,religionsandlegends.Stylesthatfocusonqimanipulationarecalledinternal(内家拳;nèijiāquán),whileothersthatconcentrateonimprovingmuscleandcardiovascularfitnessarecalled"external"(外家拳;wàijiāquán).Geographicalassociation,asinnorthern(北拳;běiquán)and"southern"(南拳;nánquán),isanotherpopularclassificationmethod.
KungfuandwushuareloanwordsfromChinesethat,inEnglish,areusedtorefertoChinesemartialarts.However,theChinesetermskungfuandwushu(Aboutthissoundlisten(Mandarin)(help·info);Cantonese:
móuh-seuht)havedistinctmeanings.[1]TheChineseequivalentoftheterm"Chinesemartialarts"wouldbeZhongguowushu(Chinese:
中國武術;pinyin:
zhōngguówǔshù)(Mandarin).
InChinese,thetermkungfu(功夫)referstoanyskillthatisacquiredthroughlearningorpractice.Itisacompoundwordcomposedofthewords功(gōng)meaning"work","achievement",or"merit",and夫(fū)whichisaparticleornominalsuffixwithdiversemeanings.
Wǔshùliterallymeans"martialart".Itisformedfromthetwowords武術:
武(wǔ),meaning"martial"or"military"and術(shù),whichtranslatesinto"discipline","skill"or"method."Thetermwushuhasalsobecomethenameforthemodernsportofwushu,anexhibitionandfull-contactsportofbare-handedandweaponsforms(Chinese:
套路),adaptedandjudgedtoasetofaestheticcriteriaforpointsdevelopedsince1949inthePeople'sRepublicofChina.[2][3]
Quanfa(拳法)isanotherChinesetermforChinesemartialarts.Itmeans"fistprinciples"or"thelawofthefist"(quanmeans"boxing"or"fist"[literally,curledhand],andfameans"law","way"or"study").ThenameoftheJapanesemartialartKenpōisrepresentedbythesamecharacters.
History
ThegenesisofChinesemartialartshasbeenattributedtotheneedforself-defense,huntingtechniquesandmilitarytraininginancientChina.Hand-to-handcombatandweaponspracticewereimportantintrainingancientChinesesoldiers.[4][5]
DetailedknowledgeaboutthestateanddevelopmentofChinesemartialartsbecameavailablefromtheNanjingdecade(1928–1937),astheCentralGuoshuInstituteestablishedbytheKuomintangregimemadeanefforttocompileanencyclopedicsurveyofmartialartsschools.Sincethe1950s,thePeople'sRepublicofChinahasorganizedChinesemartialartsasanexhibitionandfull-contactsportundertheheadingofWushu.
Legendaryorigins[edit]
Accordingtolegend,Chinesemartialartsoriginatedduringthesemi-mythicalXiaDynasty(夏朝)morethan4,000yearsago.[6]ItissaidtheYellowEmperorHuangdi(legendarydateofascension2698BCE)introducedtheearliestfightingsystemstoChina.[7]TheYellowEmperorisdescribedasafamousgeneralwho,beforebecomingChina’sleader,wrotelengthytreatisesonmedicine,astrologyandthemartialarts.OneofhismainopponentswasChiYou(蚩尤)whowascreditedasthecreatorofjiaodi,aforerunnertothemodernartofChineseWrestling.[8]
Earlyhistory[edit]
TheearliestreferencestoChinesemartialartsarefoundintheSpringandAutumnAnnals(5thcenturyBCE),[9]whereahand-to-handcombattheory,onethatintegratesnotionsof"hard"and"soft"techniques,ismentioned.[10]Acombatwrestlingsystemcalledjuélìorjiǎolì(角力)ismentionedintheClassicofRites.[11]Thiscombatsystemincludedtechniquessuchasstrikes,throws,jointmanipulation,andpressurepointattacks.JiaoDibecameasportduringtheQinDynasty(221–207BCE).TheHanHistoryBibliographiesrecordthat,bytheFormerHan(206BCE–8CE),therewasadistinctionbetweenno-holds-barredweaponlessfighting,whichitcallsshǒubó(手搏),forwhichtrainingmanualshadalreadybeenwritten,andsportivewrestling,thenknownasjuélì(角力).WrestlingisalsodocumentedintheShǐJì,RecordsoftheGrandHistorian,writtenbySimaQian(ca.100BCE).[12]
IntheTangDynasty,descriptionsofsworddanceswereimmortalizedinpoemsbyLiBai.IntheSongandYuandynasties,xiangpucontestsweresponsoredbytheimperialcourts.ThemodernconceptsofwushuwerefullydevelopedbytheMingandQingdynasties.[13]
Philosophicalinfluences[edit]
TheideasassociatedwithChinesemartialartschangedwiththeevolutionofChinesesocietyandovertimeacquiredsomephilosophicalbases:
PassagesintheZhuangzi(庄子),aDaoisttext,pertaintothepsychologyandpracticeofmartialarts.Zhuangzi,itseponymousauthor,isbelievedtohavelivedinthe4thcenturyBCE.TheDaoDeJing,oftencreditedtoLaoZi,isanotherTaoisttextthatcontainsprinciplesapplicabletomartialarts.AccordingtooneoftheclassictextsofConfucianism,ZhouLi(周禮/周礼),Archeryandcharioteeringwerepartofthe"sixarts"(simplifiedChinese:
六艺;traditionalChinese:
六藝;pinyin:
liuyi,includingrites,music,calligraphyandmathematics)oftheZhouDynasty(1122–256BCE).TheArtofWar(孫子兵法),writtenduringthe6thcenturyBCEbySunTzu(孫子),dealsdirectlywithmilitarywarfarebutcontainsideasthatareusedintheChinesemartialarts.
DaoistpractitionershavebeenpracticingTaoYin(physicalexercisessimilartoQigongthatwasoneoftheprogenitorstoT'aichich'uan)fromasearlyas500BCE.[14]In39–92CE,"SixChaptersofHandFighting",wereincludedintheHanShu(historyoftheFormerHanDynasty)writtenbyPanKu.Also,thenotedphysician,HuaTuo,composedthe"FiveAnimalsPlay"—tiger,deer,monkey,bear,andbird,around220CE.[15]DaoistphilosophyandtheirapproachtohealthandexercisehaveinfluencedtheChinesemartialartstoacertainextent.DirectreferencetoDaoistconceptscanbefoundinsuchstylesasthe"EightImmortals,"whichusesfightingtechniquesattributedtothecharacteristicsofeachimmortal.[16]
Shaolinandtemple-basedmartialarts[edit]
Mainarticle:
ShaolinMonastery
TheShaolinstyleofkungfuisregardedasoneofthefirstinstitutionalizedChinesemartialarts.[citationneeded]TheoldestevidenceofShaolinparticipationincombatisastelefrom728CEthatatteststotwooccasions:
adefenseoftheShaolinMonasteryfrombanditsaround610CE,andtheirsubsequentroleinthedefeatofWangShichongattheBattleofHulaoin621CE.Fromthe8thtothe15thcenturies,therearenoextantdocumentsthatprovideevidenceofShaolinparticipationincombat.
Betweenthe16thand17thcenturies,atleastfortysources[citationneeded]existtoprovideevidenceboththatmonksofShaolinpracticedmartialarts,andthatmartialpracticebecameanintegralelementofShaolinmonasticlife.TheearliestappearanceofthefrequentlycitedlegendconcerningBodhidharma'ssupposedfoundationofShaolinKungFudatestothisperiod.[17]TheoriginofthislegendhasbeentracedtotheMingperiod'sYijinJingor"MuscleChangeClassic",atextwrittenin1624attributedtoBodhidharma.
ReferencesofmartialartspracticeinShaolinappearinvariousliterarygenresofthelateMing:
theepitaphsofShaolinwarriormonks,martial-artsmanuals,militaryencyclopedias,historicalwritings,travelogues,fictionandpoetry.HoweverthesesourcesdonotpointouttoanyspecificstyleoriginatedinShaolin.[18]Thesesources,incontrasttothosefromtheTangperiod,refertoShaolinmethodsofarmedcombat.TheseincludeaskillforwhichShaolinmonksbecamefamous:
thestaff(gùn,Cantonesegwan).TheMingGeneralQiJiguangincludeddescriptionofShaolinQuanFa(Chinese:
少林拳法;Wade–Giles:
ShaoLinCh'üanFa;literally:
"Shaolinfisttechnique";Japanese:
ShorinKempo)andstafftechniquesinhisbook,JiXiaoXinShu(紀效新書),whichcantranslateasNewBookRecordingEffectiveTechniques.WhenthisbookspreadtoEastAsia,ithadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofmartialartsinregionssuchasOkinawa[19]andKorea.[20]
ModernHistroy
Furtherinformation:
ModernhistoryofEastAsianmartialarts
Republicanperiod[edit]
MostfightingstylesthatarebeingpracticedastraditionalChinesemartialartstodayreachedtheirpopularitywithinthe20thcentury.SomeoftheseincludeBaguazhang,DrunkenBoxing,EagleClaw,FiveAnimals,Xingyi,HungGar,Monkey,BakMeiPai,PrayingMantis,FujianWhiteCrane,JowGa,WingChunandTaijiquan.TheincreaseinthepopularityofthosestylesisaresultofthedramaticchangesoccurringwithintheChinesesociety.
In1900–01,theRighteousandHarmoniousFistsroseagainstforeignoccupiersandChristianmissionariesinChina.ThisuprisingisknownintheWestastheBoxerRebellionduetothemartialartsandcalisthenicspracticedbytherebels.EmpressDowagerCixigainedcontroloftherebellionandtriedtouseitagainsttheforeignpowers.ThefailureoftherebellionledtenyearslatertothefalloftheQingDynastyandthecreationoftheChineseRepublic.
ThepresentviewofChinesemartialartsarestronglyinfluencedbytheeventsoftheRepublicanPeriod(1912–1949).InthetransitionperiodbetweenthefalloftheQingDynastyaswellastheturmoiloftheJapaneseinvasionandtheChineseCivilWar,Chinesemartialartsbecamemoreaccessibletothegeneralpublicasmanymartialartistswereencouragedtoopenlyteachtheirart.Atthattime,someconsideredmartialartsasameanstopromotenationalprideandbuildastrongnation.Asaresult,manytrainingmanuals(拳谱)werepublished,atrainingacadem
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