GWDTN14.docx
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GWDTN14.docx
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GWDTN14
GWD-TN-14:
VerbalSection
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1.GWD-18-Q1
TheArthritisResearchInstituteofAmericaadviseswomenofcolorthattheyhavetwicethelikelihoodtogetosteoarthritisofthekneeasdoWhitewomen.
A.thattheyhavetwicethelikelihoodtogetosteoarthritisofthekneeasdoWhitewomen
B.thattheyaretwiceaslikelyasWhitewomentogetosteoarthritisoftheknee
C.thattheirlikelihoodofgettingosteoarthritisofthekneeistwiceasmuchasWhitewomen平行对象不对称
D.ofbeingtwiceaslikelyasWhitewomentogetosteoarthritisoftheknee
E.ofhavingtwicethelikelihoodofgettingosteoarthritisofthekneeasWhitewomen
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2.GWD17-Q9:
(CD-9Q10)
PressSecretary:
OurcriticsclaimthatthePresident’srecenthighwayprojectcancellationsdemonstrateavindictivedesiretopunishlegislativedistrictscontrolledbyoppositionparties.Theyofferasevidencethefactthat90percentoftheprojectscanceledwereinsuchdistricts.Butallofthecanceledprojectshadbeenidentifiedaswastefulinareportwrittenbyrespectednonpartisanauditors.SothePresident’schoicewasclearlymotivatedbysoundbudgetarypolicy,notpartisanpolitics.
Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichthepresssecretary’sargumentdepends?
A.CancelinghighwayprojectswasnottheonlywayforthePresidenttopunishlegislativedistrictscontrolledbyoppositionparties.
B.ThescheduledhighwayprojectsidentifiedaswastefulinthereportwerenotmostlyprojectsindistrictscontrolledbythePresident’sparty.
C.Thenumberofprojectscanceledwasasignificantproportionofallthehighwayprojectsthatweretobeundertakenbythegovernmentinthenearfuture.
D.ThehighwayprojectscanceledindistrictscontrolledbythePresident’spartywerenotgenerallymoreexpensivethantheprojectscanceledindistrictscontrolledbyoppositionparties.无关
E.Reportsbynonpartisanauditorsarenotgenerallyregardedbytheoppositionpartiesasasourceofobjectiveassessmentsofgovernmentprojects.
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3.TT-GWD2-33
Whenanactivetoothintheshark’sjawsislostorworndown,manyspareteethlieinseeminglylimitlessreserve,eachofwhicharereadytoslideintotheappropriateposition.
A.Whenanactivetoothintheshark’sjawsislostorworndown,manyspareteethlieinseeminglylimitlessreserve,eachofwhicharereadytoslideintotheappropriateposition.
B.Wheneveranactivetoothislostorworndown,manyspareteethlieinseeminglylimitlessreserveintheshark’sjaws,whichareeachreadytoslideintotheappropriateposition.
C.Manyspareteethlieinseeminglylimitlessreserveintheshark’sjaws,eachoneofwhicharereadytoslideintotheappropriatepositionwhenanactivetoothislostorworndown.
D.Themanyspareteethlyinginseeminglylimitlessreserveintheshark’sjaws,eachoneofwhichisreadytoslideintotheappropriatepositionwheneveranactivetoothislostorworndown.
E.Intheshark’sjaws,manyspareteethlieinseeminglylimitlessreserve,eachonereadytoslideintotheappropriatepositionwheneveranactivetoothislostorworndown.
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Q4~Q7:
GWD-18-Q3-Q6
Theideathatequippinghomeswithelectricalappliancesandother“modern”householdtechnologieswouldeliminatedrudgery,savelabortime,andincreaseleisureforwomenwhowerefull-timehomeworkersremainedlargelyunchallengeduntilthewomen’smovementofthe1970’sspawnedthegroundbreakingandinfluentialworksofsociologistJoannVanekandhistorianRuthCowan.Vanekanalyzed40yearsoftime-usesurveysconductedbyhomeeconomiststoarguethatelectricalappliancesandothermodernhouseholdtechnologiesreducedtheeffortrequiredtoperformspecifictasks,butownershipoftheseappliancesdidnotcorrelatewithlesstimespentonhouseworkbyfull-timehomeworkers.Infact,timespentbytheseworkersremainedremarkablyconstant―atabout52to54hoursperweek―fromthe1920’stothe1960’s,aperiodofsignificantchangeinhouseholdtechnology.InsurveyingtwocenturiesofhouseholdtechnologyintheUnitedStates,Cowanarguedthatthe“industrialization”ofthehomeoftenresultedinmoreworkforfull-timehomeworkersbecausetheuseofsuchdevicesascoalstoves,waterpumps,andvacuumcleanerstendedtoreducetheworkloadofmarried-women’shelpers(husbands,sons,daughters,andservants)whilepromotingamorerigorousstandardofhousework.Thefull-timehomeworker’sdutiesalsoshiftedtoincludemorehouseholdmanagement,childcare,andthepost-SecondWorldWarphenomenonofbeing“Mom’staxi.”
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Q4:
GWD-18-Q3
Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueabouttheideamentionedinline1?
A.Ithasbeenunderminedbydatafoundintime-usesurveysconductedbyhomeeconomists.
B.ItwasbasedonadefinitionofhouseworkthatwasexplicitlyrejectedbyVanekandCowan.
C.ItismorevalidforthetimeperiodstudiedbyCowanthanforthetimeperiodstudiedbyVanek.
D.Itisbasedonanunderestimationofthetimethatmarriedwomenspentonhouseworkpriortotheindustrializationofthehousehold.
E.Itinaccuratelysuggestedthatnewhouseholdtechnologieswouldreducetheeffortrequiredtoperformhousework.
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Q5:
GWD-18-Q4:
Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith
A.analyzingadebatebetweentwoscholars
B.challengingtheevidenceonwhichanewtheoryisbased
C.describinghowcertainscholars’workcounteredaprevailingview
D.presentingtheresearchusedtosupportatraditionaltheory
E.evaluatingthemethodologyusedtostudyaparticularissue
--------------------------------------------------------------------Q6:
GWD-18-Q5
Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesentenceinlines21-26(“Infact,time…inhouseholdtechnology”)?
A.Itoffersanalternativeinterpretationofaphenomenondescribedintheprevioussentence(lines12-20).
B.Itprovidesthespecificevidenceonwhichanargumentdescribedintheprevioussentence(lines12-20)isbased.
C.Itshiftsthefocusoftheargumentdevelopedearlierinthepassage.
D.ItintroducesevidencethathasnotbeentakenintoaccountbyVanekandCowan.
E.Itintroducesatopicfordiscussionthatwillbedevelopedintherestofthepassage.
-------------------------------------------------------------------Q7:
GWD-18-Q6
ThepassagesuggeststhatVanekandCowanwouldagreethatmodernizinghouseholdtechnologydidnot
A.
reducetheworkloadofservantsandotherhouseholdhelpers
B.raisethestandardofhouseworkthatwomenwhowerefull-timehomeworkerssetforthemselves
C.decreasetheeffortrequiredtoperformhouseholdtasks
D.reducethetimespentonhouseworkbywomenwhowerefull-timehomeworkers
E.resultinasavingsofmoneyusedforhouseholdmaintenance
Q8~Q10:
GWD-18-Q8toQ10:
Theterm“episodicmemory”wasintroducedbyTulvingtorefertowhatheconsideredauniquelyhumancapacity—theabilitytorecollectspecificpastevents,totravelbackintothepastinone’sownmind—asdistinctfromthecapacitysimplytouseinformationacquiredthroughpastexperiences.Subsequently,Claytonetal.developedcriteriatotestforepisodicmemoryinanimals.Accordingtothesecriteria,episodicmemoriesarenotofindividualbitsofinformation;theyinvolvemultiplecomponentsofasingleevent“bound”together.Claytonsoughttoexamineevidenceofscrubjays’accuratememoryof“what,”“where,”and“when”informationandtheirbindingofthisinformation.Inthewild,thesebirdsstorefoodforretrievallaterduringperiodsoffoodscarcity.Clayton’sexperimentrequiredjaystorememberthetype,location,andfreshnessofstoredfoodbasedonauniquelearningevent.Cricketswerestoredinonelocationandpeanutsinanother.Jaysprefercrickets,butcricketsdegrademorequickly.Clayton’sbirdsswitchedtheirpreferencefromcricketstopeanutsoncethefoodhadbeenstoredforacertainlengthoftime,showingthattheyretaininformationaboutthewhat,thewhere,andthewhen.Suchexperimentscannot,however,revealwhetherthebirdswerereexperiencingthepastwhenretrievingtheinformation.Claytonacknowledgedthisbyusingtheterm“episodic-like”memory.
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8.GWD-18-Q8
Accordingtothepassage,partoftheevidencethatscrubjayscanbindinformationisthatthey
A.showedbytheirbehaviorthattheywerereexperiencingthepast
B.usedinformationacquiredthroughpastexperiences
C.assessedthefreshnessoffoodthathadbeenstoredbyotherjays
D.rememberedwhatkindoffoodwasstoredinaparticularlocation
E.recollectedsinglebitsofinformationaboutsourcesoffood
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9.GWD-18-Q9
ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassageandClaytonwouldbothagreethat
A.thefoodpreferencesofthescrubjaysinClayton’sexperimentaredifficulttoexplain
B.thepresenceofepisodicmemorycannotbeinferredsolelyonthebasisofobservablebehavior
C.Clayton’sexperimentdemonstratedthatscrubjaysdonotreexperiencethepastbutdoexhibitepisodic-likememory
D.Tulvingsubstantiallyunderestimat
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