美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12.docx
- 文档编号:9262338
- 上传时间:2023-05-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:17
- 大小:24.65KB
美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12.docx
《美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12.docx(17页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12
美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12-含答案
SECTIONIII
Time35minutes28Questions
Directions:
Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandnetpletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
Untilrecentlymanyastronomersbelievedthatasteroidstravelaboutthesolarsystemunacnetpaniedbysatellites.Theseastronomersassumedthisbecausetheyconsideredasteroid-satellitesystemsinherentlyunstable.Theoreticianscouldhavetoldthemotherwise:
evenminusculebodiesinthesolarsystemcantheoreticallyhavesatellites,aslongaseverythingisinproperscale.IfabowlingballwereorbitingabouttheSunintheasteroidbelt,itcouldhaveapebbleorbitingitasfarawayasafewhundredradii(orabout50meters)withoutlosingthepebbletotheSun’sgravitationalpull.
Observationsnowsuggestthatasteroidsatellitesmayexistsnotonlyintheorybutalsoinreality.Severalastronomershavenoticed,whilewatchingasteroidspassbrieflyinfrontofstars,thatsomethingbesidestheknownasteroidsometimesblocksoutthestaraswell.Isthatsomethingasatellite?
ThemostconvincingsuchreportconcernstheasteroidHerculina,whichwasduetopassinfrontofastarin1978.Astronomerswaitingforthepredictedeventfoundnotjustoneoccultation,oreclipse,ofthestar,buttwodistinctdropsinbrightness.Onewasthepredictedoccultation,exactlyontime.Theother,lastingaboutfiveseconds,precededthepredictedeventbyabouttwominutes.ThepresenceofasecondarybodynearHerculinathusseemedstronglyindicated.Tocausethesecondaryoccultation,anunseensatellitewouldhavetobeabout45kilometersindiameter,aquarterofthesizeofHerculina,andatadistanceof990kilometersfromtheasteroidatthetime.Thesevaluesarewithintheoreticalbounds,andsuchanasteroid-satellitepaircouldbestable.
WiththeHerculinaevent,apparentsecondaryoccultationsbecame“respectable”—andmorenetmonlyreported.Infact,sonetmondidreportsofsecondaryeventsbenetethattheyarenowsimplytoonumerousforallofthemtobeaccurate.Evenifeveryasteroidhasasmanysatellitesascanbefittedarounditwithoutanunduenumberofcollisions,onlyoneineveryhundredprimaryoccultationswouldbeacnetpaniedbyasecondaryevent(oneineverythousandifasteroidsatellitessystemresembledthoseoftheplanets).
Yetevenastronomerswhofindthecaseforasteroidsatellitesunconvincingatpresentsaytheywouldchangetheirmindsifaphotoelectricrecordweremadeofawell-behavedsecondaryevent.By“well-behaved”theymeanthatduringoccultationtheobservedbrightnessmustdropsharplyasthestarwinksoutandmustrisesharplyasitreappearsfrombehindtheobstructingobject,butthebrightnessduringthesecondaryoccultationmustdroptothatoftheasteroid,nohigherandnolower.Thiswouldmakeitextremelyunlikelythatanairplaneoraglitchinthei 1.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?
(A)TheobservationofHerculinarepresentedthecrucialeventthatastronomicalobserversandtheoreticianshadbeenwaitingfortoestablishaconvincingcaseforthestabilityofasteroid-satellitesystems.
(B)Althoughastronomerslongbelievedthatobservationsupportstheexistenceofstableasteroid-satellitesystems,numerousrecentreportshaveincreasedskepticismonthisissueinastronomy.
(C)Theoreticians’viewsonthestabilityofasteroid-satellitesystemsmayberevisedinthelightofreportslikethoseaboutHerculina.
(D)Astronomerscontinuetoconsideritrespectabletodoubtthestabilityofasteroid-satellitesystems,butnewtheoreticaldevelopmentsmaychangetheirviews.
(E)TheHerculinaeventsuggeststhattheoreticians’viewsaboutasteroid-satellitesystemsmaybecorrect,andastronomersagreeaboutthekindofevidenceneededtoclearlyresolvetheissue.
2.WhichoneofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasprovidingevidencethatHerculinahasasatellite?
(A)thediameterofabodydirectlyobservednearHerculina
(B)thedistancebetweenHerculinaandplanetnearesttoit
(C)theshortestpossibletimeinwhichsatellitesofHerculina,ifany,couldnetpleteasingleorbit
(D)theoccultationthatoccurredshortlybeforethepredictedoccultationbyHerculina
(E)thepreciseextenttowhichobservedbrightnessdroppedduringtheoccultationbyHerculina
3.Accordingtothepassage,theattitudeofastronomerstowardasteroidsatellitessincetheHerculinaeventcanbestdescribedas
(A)open-mindednessnetbinedwithaconcernforrigorousstandardsofproof
(B)contemptforandimpatiencewiththepositionheldbytheoreticians
(C)bemusementatachaoticmixoftheory,inadequateorspuriousdata,andcallsforscientificrigor
(D)hardheadedskepticism,implyingrejectionofalldatanotrecordedautomaticallybystate-of-the-artinstruments
(E)admirationforthemethodicalprocessbywhichscienceprogressesfrominitialhypothesistoincontrovertibleproof
4.TheauthorimpliesthatwhichoneofthefollowingwastruepriortoreportsoftheHerculinaevent?
(A)Sincenogoodtheoreticalmodelexisted,allclaimsthatreportsofsecondaryoccultationswerenetmonweredisputed.
(B)Someofthereportedobservationsofsecondaryoccultationswereactuallyobservationsofcollisionsofsatelliteswithoneanother.
(C)Iftherewereobservationsofphenomenaexactlylikethephenomenanowlabeledsecondaryoccultations,astronomerswerelesslikelythantohavereportedsuchobservations.
(D)Theprevailingstandardsconcerningwhattoclassifyasawell-behavedsecondaryeventwerelessstringentthantheyarenow.
(E)Astronomerswereeagertopublishtheirobservationsofoccultationsofstarsbysatellitesofasteroids.
5.TheinformationpresentedinthepassageimplieswhichoneofthefollowingaboutthefrequencyofreportsofsecondaryoccultationsaftertheHerculinaevent?
(A)ThepercentageofreportsofprimaryoccultationsthatalsoincludedreportsofsecondaryoccultationsincreasedtenfoldnetparedtothetimebeforetheHerculinaevent.
(B)Primaryoccultationsbyasteroidswerereportedtohavebeenacnetpaniedbysecondaryoccultationsinaboutoneoutofeverythousandcases.
(C)TheabsolutenumberofreportsofsecondaryoccultationsincreasedtenfoldnetparedtothetimebeforetheHerculinaevent.
(D)Primaryoccultationsbyasteroidswerereportedtohavebeenacnetpaniedbysecondaryoccultationsinmorethanoneoutofeveryhundredcases.
(E)Inmorethanoneoutofeveryhundredcases,primaryoccultationswerereportedtohavebeenacnetpaniedbymorethanonesecondaryoccultation.
6.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
(A)castdoubtsonexistingreportsofsecondaryoccultationsofstars
(B)describeexperimentaleffortsbyastronomerstoseparatetheoreticallybelievableobservationsofsatellitesofasteroidsfromspuriousones
(C)reviewthedevelopmentofideasamongastronomersaboutwhetherornotsatellitesofasteroidsexist
(D)bringatheoretician’sperspectivetobearonaninnetpletediscussionofsatellitesofasteroids
(E)illustratethelimitsofreasonablespeculationconcerningtheoccultationofstars
7.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichoneofthefollowingwouldmosthelptoresolvethequestionofwhetherasteroidshavesatellites?
(A)areviewofpre-1978reportsofsecondaryoccultations
(B)animprovedtheoreticalmodelofstablesatellitesystems
(C)aphotoelectricrecordofawell-behavedsecondaryoccultation
(D)amorestringentdefinitionofwhatconstitutesawell-behavedsecondaryoccultation
(E)apowerfultelescopethatwouldpermitanetparisonofground-basedobservationwiththosemadefromairplanes
参考答案:
1-7EDACDCC
Historiansattemptingtoexplainhowscientificworkwasdoneinthelaboratoryoftheseventeenth-centurychemistandnaturalphilosopherRobertBoylemustaddressafundamentaldiscrepancybetweenhowsuchexperimentationwasactuallyperformedandtheseventeenth-centuryrhetoricdescribingit.LeadersofthenewRoyalSocietyofLondoninthe1660sinsistedthatauthenticsciencedependeduponactualexperimentsperformed,observed,andrecordedbythescientiststhemselves.Rejectingthetraditionalcontemptformanualoperations,thesescientists,allmembersoftheEnglishupperclass,werenottothinkthemselvesdemeanedbythemuckingaboutwithchemicals,furnaces,andpumps;rather,thewillingnessofeachofthemtobenete,asBoylehimselfsaid,amere“drudge”and“under-builder”inthesearchforGod’struthinnaturewastakenasasignoftheirnobilityandChristianpiety.
ThisrhetorichasbeensoeffectivethatonemodernhistorianassuresusthatBoylehimselfactuallyperformedallofthethousandormoreexperimentshereported.Infact,duetopooreyesight,fragilehealth,andfrequentabsencesfromhislaboratory,Boyleturnedovermuchofthelaborofobtainingandrecordingexperimentalresultstopaidtechnicians,althoughpublishedaccountsoftheexperimentsrarely,ifever,acknowledgedthetechnicians’contributions.NorwasBoyleuniqueinrelyingontechnicianswithoutpubliclycreditingtheirwork.
Whywerethecontributionsofthesetechniciansnotrecognizedbytheiremployers?
Onereasonisthehistoricaltendency,whichhaspersistedintothetwentiethcentury,to
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 美国 法学院 入学考试 LSAT 阅读 12