研究生英语考试.docx
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研究生英语考试.docx
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研究生英语考试
研究生英语考试
————————————————————————————————作者:
————————————————————————————————日期:
2006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题
(适用于30-53班)
时间:
150分钟
2007.7.7
PartI:
ReadingComprehension40%
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandthenselectthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiventoanswerthequestionsortocompletethestatementsthatfolloweachpassage.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
Mostconceptionsoftheprocessofmotivationbeginwiththeassumptionthatbehavioris,atleastinpart,directedtowardstheattainmentofgoalsortowardsthesatisfactionofneedsormotives.Accordingly,itisappropriatetobeginourconsiderationofmotivationintheworkplacebyexaminingthemotivesforworking.Simonpointsoutthatanorganizationshouldbeabletosecuretheparticipationofapersonbyofferinghiminducements(引诱)whichcontributeinsomewaytoatleastoneofhisgoals.Thekindsofinducementsofferedbyanorganizationarevaried,andiftheyareeffectiveinmaintainingparticipationtheymustnecessarilybebasedontheneedsoftheindividuals.
Maslowexaminesindetailwhattheseneedsare.Hepointsoutnotonlythattherearemanyneedsrangingfrombasicphysiologicaldrivessuchashungertoamoreabstractdesireforself-realization,butalsothattheyarearrangedinahierarchy(等级制度)wherebythelower-orderneedsmusttoalargedegreebesatisfiedbeforethehigher-orderonescomeintoplay.
OneofthemostobviouswaysinwhichworkorganizationsattractandretainmembersisthroughtherealizationthateconomicfactorsarenottheonlyinducementforworkingasindicatedbyMorseandWeiss.Inlinewiththesocialrespectandself-realizationneedsdiscussedbyMaslow,factorssuchasassociationswithothers,self-respectgainedthroughthework,andahighinterestvalueoftheworkcanserveeffectivelytoinducepeopletowork.
1.AccordingtoMaslow,aworkorganizationisabletomotivatepeopletoworkby_______.
A.satisfyingtheirphysiologicalneeds
B.satisfyingtheirself-realizationneeds
C.satisfyinghierarchyoftheirhigher-orderneed
D.firstsatisfyingtheirlower-orderneeds
2.Lower-orderneedsconcernaperson's_______.
A.essentialphysicalneeds C.self-realization
B.self-respect D.workingrelationshipswithothers
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTahigherneedthatattractspeopletowork?
A.Associationwithothers. C.Interestvalueofthework.
B.Possibilityofearningagoodsalary. D.Cultivationofself-respect.
4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsmaybesupportedbyMorseandWeiss?
A.Physiologicalneedsarethemostbasic.
B.Thereisahierarchyofneedsthatmustbemet.
C.Economicfactorsarethegreatestinducement.
D.Personalesteemandthegainingofpoweristhemostimportantfactor.
5.Simonpointsoutthat________.
A.theneedsofindividualsrangefromhungertoself-realization
B.effectiveinducementsmustbebasedonwhatindividualswant
C.economicfactorsarenottheonlyinducementforworking
D.inducementsmustnotbetoovaried
PassageTwo
Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.
Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.
Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewellbeingsofasocialgroupsmembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.
Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻碍)attainmentofthegroupsgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.
6.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.
B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.
C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.
D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.
7.Thepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecome
leadersEXCEPT__________.
A.recruitment
B.formalelectionprocess
C.specificleadershiptraining
D.traditionalculturalpatterns
8.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?
A.personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.
B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.
C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchon
leadership.
D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheir
qualifications.
9.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inline7,theauthorismakingthepointthat_____.
A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”
B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist
C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup
D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics
10.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson__________.
A.ensuringharmoniousrelationships
B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers
C.identifyingnewleaders
D.achievingagoal
PassageThree
Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearances,weredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers─usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterialsurroundings.Pyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem.
Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist’smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?
Whereshouldthevalvesbeplaced?
Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?
Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andbyasenseofform.Somedecisionssuchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.
Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,whichisindispensableforanartist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoneed“hardthinking,”nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandisinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.
Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialerrorsinmechanicaldesign,theyareareflectionofchaoscausedbytheneglectofnon-verbalthinking.
11.Themainpurposeoftheauthorinwritingthistextis________.
A.todemonstratetheroleofnonverbalthinkinginthedevelopmentoftechnology
B.tostresstheimportanceofnonscientificthinkinginengineeringdesign
C.toidentifythetwokindsofthinkingthata
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