物流专业英语翻译与计算机基础 英语阅读翻译.docx
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物流专业英语翻译与计算机基础 英语阅读翻译.docx
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物流专业英语翻译与计算机基础英语阅读翻译
第五章物流英语阅读
第一节WhatisLogisticsManagement?
1.TheDefinitionofLogistics
Aftercompletingacommercialtransaction,logisticswillexecutethetransferofgoodsfromthesupplier(seller)tocustomer(buyer)inthemostcost-effectivemanner.Thisisthedefinitionoflogistics.Duringthetransferprocess,hardwaresuchaslogisticsfacilitiesandequipment(logisticscarriers)areneeded,aswellasinformationcontrolandstandardization.Inaddition,supportsfromthegovernmentandlogisticsassociationshouldbeinplace.
Threemajorfunctionsoflogistics
(1)Creatingtimevalue:
samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlyatdifferenttimes.Goodsoftenstopduringthetransferprocess,whichisprofessionallycalledthestorageoflogistics.Itcreatesthetimevalueforgoods.
(2)Creatinglocationvalue:
samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlylocations.Thevalueaddedduringthetransferprocessisthelocationvalueoflogistics.
(3)DistributionprocessingValue:
sometimeslogisticscreatedistributionprocessingvalue,whichchangesthelength,thicknessandpackagesofthegoods.Likepopularsaying,“cuttingintosmallerparts”isthemostcommonlyseendistributionprocessingform.Mostprocessingwithinlogisticscreateaddedvalueforgoods.
Logisticsisanewcommercialarea,developingfromthetraditionalstagetoamodernone.Themaindifferencesbetweenthesetwostagesinclude:
(1)Modernlogisticsadoptscontainerizationtechniques.Thegoodstransferprocessstartswithpackaging,followedbytransportation,storageanddistribution.Thewholeprocessisoperatedunderlogisticsstandards.Basedonthelogisticsbasemoduleof600*400MM,formthelogisticsmoduleof1,200*1,000mm,andenlargetothesizeof2,591*2,438mm-thesizeofhigh*wideofthecontainer.Itcanbeadjustedtothestandardsizesofcontainersfortrains,trucksandships.
(2)Informationtechnologiesaremostimportantformodernlogistics.BarCode,POS,EDIandGPSsystemsdramaticallyimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyofthelogisticsactivities.Internetfurtherassiststhemarketdevelopment,operationsandmanagementofthelogisticsindustry.
2.ActivitiesIncludedinLogisticsManagement
(1)Customerservice.Customerserviceisdefinedas“acustomer-orientedphilosophythatintegratesandmanagesallcustomerinterfacewithinthelowestpossiblecoststoachieveoptimumresults.”Customerservicesbindalllogisticsactivities.Whetheracustomerreceivesrightproductunderalltherightconditionswillaffectallotheroperations.
(2)Orderprocessing.“Orderprocessingcanbecomparedtothehumanbody’scentralnervesystem,triggeringthedistributionprocessanddirectingtheactionstobetakeninsatisfyingorderdemand”.Orderprocessingactivitymaybebrokendownintothreecategories.Firstly,operatingelements,suchasorderentry/editing,scheduling,order-shippingsetpreparation,andinvoicing.Secondly,communicationelements,suchasordermodification,orderstatusinquiries,tracingandexpediting,errorcorrection,andproductinformationrequests;andlastly,creditandcollectionelements,includingcreditcheckingandaccountsreceivableprocessing/collecting.Customservicesplaysanimportantpartinthespeedandaccuracyoftheorderprocessing.Advancedsystemscanreducethetimebetweenorderplacementandshipment.Ordersareoftendonethroughcomputersystems.Advancedsystems,althoughinitiallyexpensivetothecompany,cansubstantiallyimproveaccuracyandefficiency.Often,savinginotherlogisticsexpenses(suchasinventory,transportationandwarehousing)orincreasedsalesfromimprovedcustomerservicewilljustifythecostofthesystem.
(3)Communicationinlogistics.Successintoday’sbusinessenvironmentrequiresthemanagementofacomplexcommunicationssystem.Effectivecommunicationshouldexistbetween:
(a)thecompany,itscustomersandsuppliers;
(b)majoroperationsofthecompanysuchasmarketing,manufacturing,logistics,andfinance/accounting;
(c)logistics-relatedactivitiessuchascustomerservice,trafficandtransportation,warehousingandstorage,orderprocessing,andinventorycontrol;
(d)Componentsofeachlogisticsactivity(withininventorycontrol,forexample,wouldbein-plantinventory,inventoryintransit,andinventoryinfieldwarehouse).
Communicationisthevitallinkbetweentheentirelogisticsprocessandcustomers.
Afirm’scommunicationssystemmaybeassophisticatedasacomputerizedmanagementinformationsystem(MIS)orassimpleasword-of-mouthcommunicationbetweenindividuals.Whatevertypeofsystemused,vitalinformationmustbeavailableandcommunicatedtoindividualswho“needtoknow”.
(4) Inventorycontrol.Theinventorycontrolisimportanttoensureasufficientsupplyofproducttomeetcustomerdemandandmanufacturingrequirements.Inventoryconsumesspaceandcapital.Thecostofstoreinventorycanbe14toover50percentofthetotalcost.Successfulinventorycontrolinvolvesdeterminingenoughinventoriestosatisfycustomerdemandandconsideringthecostofperformingotherlogisticsactivities.
(5) Forecastingdemands.Demandforecastinginvolvesdeterminingtheamountofproductandservicethatcustomerswillrequireinthefuture.Itisimportanttoalloperationssuchasmarketing,manufacturing,andlogistics.
*Marketingforecastsdeterminepromotionalstrategies,allocationofsalesforce,pricingstrategies,andmarketresearchactivities.
*Manufacturingforecastsdetermineproductionschedules,purchasingandacquisitionstrategies,andin-plantinventorydecisions.
*Logisticsforecastsdetermineproducttransportationandstorage.
Demandforecastingenablesmanagerstoallocatetheirresources(budgets)effectivelytomeetdemands.Forecastingcanbedifficultgiventhemarketuncertainties.However,thecompanyshouldundertakedemandforecastingandcommunicatetheresultstootherdepartments.Sophisticatedcomputermodels,trendanalysis,salesforceestimates,orothermethodscanhelpdevelopsuchforecasts.
(6)Transportation.Thegoodsflowisdependedontransportationprocess,itincludesselectingthemethodofshipment(rail,water,truck,airandpipeline),choosingaspecificpath(routing);complyingwithvariouslocal,stateandfederaltransportationregulations;andbeingawareofbothdomesticandinternationaltrafficrequirements.Transportationisoftenthelargestpartinthelogisticscost.
(7)Warehousingandstorage.Productsmustbestoredatanyplacesunlessconsumersneedthemimmediately.Warehousingandstorageareactivitiesthatmanagethespaceneededtoholdtheinventories.Specificstorageactivitiesinclude;decidingwhetherthestoragefacilityshouldbeowned,leased,orrented;warehouselayoutanddesign;productmixconsiderations;safetyandmaintenance;securitysystems;personaltraining;andproductivitymeasurement.
(8)Plantandwarehousesiteselection.Thestrategicsitenearthespecificmarketscanimprovethecustomerservicelevelsandlowertransportationcosts.Whenmakingasitedecision,weneedtoresearchtheproductmarket,customerdemands,locationofrawmaterials,componentpartsandsubassemblies.Othermajorconsiderationsincludelaborrates,transportation,taxes,security,laws,localcommunity(suchastheattitudetowardsanewindustry)landcost,andinfrastructure.
(9)Materialhandling.Itisconcernedwithhandlingofallrawmaterials,parts,fittings,inventory,andfinishedgoodswithinaplantorwarehouse.Itsobjectivesare
*Reducehandlingpossibly
*Minimizetraveldistance
*Minimizegoodsinprocess
*Provideuniformflowwithoutanynegativeelement
*Minimizelosses(damagedorstolengoods)
Handlingorcarryingisthemostfrequentactivitiesinthelogistics,butgenerallyaddsnovaluetoaproduct,theseoperationsshouldbedepttoaminimum.Materialhandlingplaysavitalroleinreducinginventory,loweringcosts,andincreasingproductivity.
(10)Procurement.Procurementistheacquisitionofmaterialsandservicesfromothercompanies.Procurementincludesselectingsupplylocations,determiningformsofthematerialtobeacquired,timing,price,qualitycontrol,andmanyotheractivities.
(11)Partsandservicesupport.Logisticsisheavilyconnectedwithmanyactivitiesinvolvedinrepairandservicingofproducts.Aftersalesserviceisusuallypartofthetransaction.Suchasreplacingpartswhenproductsbreakdownormalfunction.Adequatesuppliesofspareandreplacementpartsshouldbeavailabletocustomersinneed.Iftheproductfailtoperformduetomalfunction,thesupplierofspacepartsmustrespondquicklytoavoidextracost.
(12)Packaging.Packagingperformstwobasicfunctions-marketingandlogistics.Inmarketingthepackageactspromotionandadvertising.Itssize,weight,color,andprintedinformationattractcustomersandconveyknowledgeoftheproduct.Whenfirmsareinvolvedininternationalmarketing,packagingbecomesevenmoreimportant.Productssoldtoforeigncountriestravelgreaterdistancesandundergomorehandlingoperations.Thelogisticspackageistoprotecttheproductsduringtheprocessoflogistics.
(13)Scrapdisposal.Thelogisticsprocessmusteffectivelyandquicklyhandle,transport,andstorewasteproducts.Iftheycanbereusedorrecycled,logisticscompanyshouldarrangeandmovethemtothere-productionandre-processinglocations.
(14)Returngoodshandling.Thehandlingofreturngoodsisoftencalledreversedistribution.Buyersmayreturnitemstothesellerforanumberofreasons.Mostlogisticssystemsarenotgoodenoughtohandlesuchcases.Inmanyindustries,consumersreturnproductsforwarrantyrepair,replacement,orrecycling,reversedistributioncostsmaybeveryhigh.Reversedistributionwillbecomemoreimportantascustomersdemandmoreflexibleandfavorablereturnpolicies.
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