OG 12 语法总结.docx
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OG 12 语法总结.docx
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OG12语法总结
OG12语法总结
probablynot...,butmorethanlikely...
declaresth.adj.-------declaresthasadjX
eg.declareaminimumwageunconstitutional---------declareaminimumwageasunconstitutionalX
abilitytodo...-------abilityofdoingX
include指代对象单一,明显。
including/doing,指代前面一句话或短语
介like+名词
连as+句子
notuntilalmost-----notalmostuntilX
diabetes(是单数)...ranks
eversince...用现在完成时
although连接句子,but不用
eg.sunspotsarevisibleasdarkspotsonthesurfaceofthesun(buthaveneverbeensightedonthethesun’spolesorequator).不用although替换but,后半句没有主语。
expectation-----注意后面跟would
比较的时候注意后一句的修饰对象:
eg:
plantsaremoreefficientthanfungiatacquiringcarbon,intheformofcarbondioxide(修饰carbon).
plantsaremoreefficientatacquiringcarbonthanarefungi,intheformof...修饰fungiX
incontrastwithx,y
incontrasttox,y
unlikex,y
doing-----不定式todo前没有逗号
estimatetobe...-----estimateatX
thesametoxastoy...
xhappenedsothatycouldhappen...
过去分词and现在分词的平行。
过去分词表被动,现在分词表主动。
eg.agiantfungusisaninterwovenfiligreeofmushroomsandrootliketentaclesspawnedbyasinglefertilizedsporeandextendingformorethan30acresinthesoil.
therivalrybetweenxandy=====therivalsxandyV
therivalrybetweenxwithyXtherivalsxagainstyX
expendon花费在...expendforX
eitherfrom...orfrom....V
fromeither....or.....V
过去分词done,修饰紧靠前面的名词
注意同位语有时被认为wordy
eg.Itcanhardlybesaidthateducatorsareatfaultfornotanticipatingtheimpactofmicrocomputer...>Thefactthateducatorsareatfaultfornotanticipatingtheimpactofmicrocomputercanhardlybesaid.
xistoywhataistob.
eg.AdamsmithwrotetwomajorboosthataretodemocraticcapitalismwhatMarx’sDasistosocialism.
inthat=inasmuchas=because=forn....
ismorethan...andtook...morethan....
restrictiononsth....restrictionforsth..X
actas修饰物,actlike修饰人
条件从句,ifxhappened,thenywouldhappen.
*重点
1-过去完成时的使用,oncexhadhappened,thenyhappened.
2-当doubt用在否定句中(有且只有no和not)后面要跟that,不能跟whether。
thereisnodoubtthat...hedoesnotdoubtthat...
3-Adeadbodycannotbeaman,thebodyisthatofaman.一个尸体不能说是一个人,要说是一个人的。
eg.Oncetheyhadseenthereportfromthemedicalexaminer,theinvestigatorshadnodoubtthatthebodyrecoveredfromtheriverwasthatofthemanwhohadattemptedtoescapefromthestateprison.
ameanstosth...为达到什么的一种方法
ameansofsth...什么事情的其中一种方法
Asmuchbecausexasbecausey...
eg.asmuchbecausetheirsalesayearearlierhadbeensobadasbecauseshoppersweregettingaheadstartonbuyingtheirholidaygifts.
getaheadstarton...走在。
。
的前面
主动:
attribute(aneffect)to(acause)
被动:
(aneffect)isattributedto(thecause)
much后面跟不可数名词,如effortorrain;
many后面跟可数名词,如studentordioxins.
manyofsth.come...many后面跟复数谓语动词eg.manyofthedioxinscomefrom...
notby...butby...
not...butrather...
xcoststwiceasmuchtomaintainasydoes
注意有动作感得平衡!
!
eg.crestsandtroughsthatremainstationaryalthoughtheairthatformsthemismovingrapidly
stationarycrestsandtroughsalthoughtheyareformedbyrapidlymovingair...
lie+不及物动词lieinsth...
lay+及物动词layeggs
fewer修饰可数名词fewerpeople,fewerlimitations,修饰人
less修饰不可数名词lesswater,lessrain,修饰物
conceivedofsth.as....
claimthat...Vclaimtodo...V
1-ywillhappen,ifxhappensfirst===ifxhappensfirst,ywillhappen.其中will表示确定,如果是would表不确定。
2-morenumerous修饰可数名词morenumerousapples
greater修饰不可数名词greaterdensity
eg.Mwillfailifthedensityofthetimberwolfpopulationinthatregionisgreaterthan39...
inturn,isbestplacedbeforetheverbofthenextclause.
persuadesb.todosth...V...persuadesbindoingsth..X
*InnootherhistoricalsightingdidHalley’scometcausesuchaworldwidesensationasinitsreturnin1910-1911.
Halley’sCometdidnotcausesuchaworldwidesensationinitsotherhistoricalsightingthaninitsreturnsightingin1910-1911.
datedat(age..333yearsold)V..datedtobeX
littleofsth:
sth中的一小部分
littlesth:
sth本身很小
eg.thetemperaturesaresocoldandtheicecapissoreflectivethatlittleofthepolaricemeltsduringthesummer.
dueto=becauseofsomething
dueinpartto=partlybecauseof
inanerawhen...固定搭配
可以说XXhighwaywasthegreatest...不能说thegreatest..wasXXhighway
**重复
despite<>yet
inthepast<>previously
enable<>beableto
now<>currently
explained<>becauseof
eventhough<>but
although<>yet
reduced<>lowered
regain<>again
possible<>may
today<>now
enough<>sothat
**adj/adv
economical<>economic
主谓一致:
140.Rocksamplestakenfromtheremainsofanasteroidabouttwicethesizeofthe6-mile-wideasteroidthateradicatedthedinosaurshavebeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthusareevidenceoftheearliestknownasteroidimpactonEarth.
dateat...yearsold...Vdatetobe...dateas...X
过去完成时和过去时:
平行结构:
expect:
139.Thecompanyannouncedthatitsprofitsdeclindedmuchlessinthesecondquarterthananalystshadexpectedandthatitsbusinesswouldimproveinthesecondhalfoftheyear.
expect后面不跟itto,themto...expectitto,expectthemtoX
AS比较结构,比较时间,倒装句
138.InnootherhistoricalsightingdidHalley’sCometcausesuchaworldwidesensationasinitsreturnof1910-1911.
比较的是时间,Innoother...asin....
如果as后面加上did,则计较了句子的主语Halley’sComet.
从句主谓一致,转折结构,逻辑结构,时态,冗余结构
137.JoachimRaffandGiacomoMeyerbeerareexamplesofthekindofcomposerwhoreceivespopularacclaimwhileliving,butwhosereputationdeclinesafterdeathandneverregainsitsformerstatus.
goesintodeclineafterdeath,与receives...goes...regains平行,错误的修饰了
composer。
composer不会decline,他们的reputation会。
regain<>againX
平行结构,whereas的比较,逻辑主语
136.Whereasinmammalsthetinytubesthatconveynutrientstobonecellsarearrayedinparallellines,inbirdsthetubesformarandompattern.
从句以whereas开始,紧接介词短语(inmammals),主句必须也要以介词短语开始。
逻辑主语,平行结构,时态
135.Spanningmorethan50years,FriedrichMuller’scareerbeganinanunpromisingapprenticeshipasaSanskritscholarandculminatedinvirtuallyeveryhonorthatEuropeangovernmentsandlearnedsocietiescouldbestow.
begin...as...
FM’scareerbeganin...andculminatedin...
逻辑主语是FM’scareer,不是FM
平行结构and连接,语法结构
134.Recentlyimplemented“shift-workequations”basedonstudiesofthehumansleepcyclehavereducedsickness,sleepingonthejob,andfatigueamongshiftworkerswhileraisingproductionefficiencyinvariousindustries.
havereducedX,Y,andZ,atthesametime,ithasincreasedefficiency.
reduce<>lowerX
从句主谓一致,require用法
133.LastweeklocalshrimpersheldanewsconferencetotakesomecreditfortheresurgenceoftherareKemp’sridleyturtle,sayingthattheircompliancewithlawsrequiringturtle-excluderdevicesonshrimpnetsisprotectingadultseaturtles.
requiring修饰law表示这个法律要求什么。
torequire修饰law表示这个法律的目的是要
求这些网,但是其实这个法律的目的是保护turtles。
从句的主语是compliance,单数,谓语动词需要用单数。
protect不对。
逻辑意思
132.Althoughtheterm“psychopath”ispopularlyappliedtoanespeciallybrutalcriminal,inpsychologyitreferstosomeonewhoisapparentlyincapableoffeelingcompassionofthepangsofconscience.
术语不是人,术语指代一类人...itissomeoneX
比较结构
131.Over75percentoftheenergyproducedinFrancederivesfromnuclearpower,whereasnuclearpoweraccountsforjustover33percentoftheenergyproducedinGermany.
两个国家的nuclear的百分比计较。
所以nuclearpower要和nuclearpower比。
whereasjustover33percentoftheenergycomesfromnuclearpowerinG.
这里的theenergy有歧义,指前面法国75%的nuclearenergy中的33%来自德国。
平行结构
130.Oneviewoftheeconomycontendsthatalargedropinoilpricesshouldeventuallyleadtoaloweringofinterestrates,andoffearsaboutinflation,arallyinstocksandbonds,andaweakeningofthedollar.
大平行:
alowering...,arally...,andaweakening动名词的平行
小平行:
aloweringofinterestrates,andoffears...
逻辑意思,主谓一致
129.CajunsspeakadialectbroughttosouthernLouisianabythe4,000Acadianswhomigratedtherein1755;theirlanguageisbasicallyseventeenth-centuryFrenchtowhichEnglish,Spanish,andItalianwordshavebeenadded.
towhichhasbeenaddedEnglish,Spanish,andItalianwords,是E,S,I被加到F中。
words是复数,需要用havebeenadded。
平行结构,动词时态
128.Australianembryologistshavefoundevidencetosuggestthattheelephantisdescendedfromanaquaticanimal,andthatitstrunkoriginallyevolvedasakindofsnorkel.
evidencethatsuggeststhat...X
平行:
suggestthat...,andthat...
时态:
研究发现用一般现在时,elephantisdescended...是说现在的大象。
itstrunkoriginallyevolved,是说过去大象的鼻子是..不是现在...所以要用过去式。
平行结构,短语
127.JoanofArc,ayoungFrenchwomanwhoclaimedtobedivinelyinspired,turnedthetideofEnglishvictoriesinhercountrybyliberatingthecityofOrleansandshepersuadedCharlesVIIofFrancetoclaimhisthrone.
JoanofArcturned...andpersuaded...
persuadesomebodytodosomething.V
persuadesomebodyindoingsomethingX
时态,因果关系,逻辑结构
126.Theuseofliedetectorsisbasedontheassumptionthatlyingproducesemotionalreactionsinanindividualthat,inturn,createunconsciousphysiologicalresponses.
inturn,放在谓语动词前。
that修饰reactions,是复数,所以create要用复数形式。
比较结构
125.Today,becauseofimprovementsinagriculturaltechnology,thesameamountofacreageproducestwiceasmanytheapplesasitdidin1910.
主谓一致,平行,so...that
124.FoundthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerican,theslothhangsfromtreesbyitslongrubberylimbs,sleeping15hoursadayandmovingsoinfrequentlythattwospeciesofalgaegrowonitscoatandbetweenitstoes.
句子后半部分的its说明主语是单数,所以thesloth不是sloths,所以hangs谓语动词单数。
its加在by后面取消歧义,不然longrubberylimbs有可能是trees的。
sleapingandmoving...动名词修饰句子主语。
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