测绘专业外文翻译在1997期间中国测绘的发展.docx
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测绘专业外文翻译在1997期间中国测绘的发展.docx
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测绘专业外文翻译在1997期间中国测绘的发展
DevelopmentofSurveyingandMappinginChinaduring1997-2000
Abstract
From1997to2000,greatdevelopmenthasbeenmadeonsurveyingandmappinginChina.Quiteafewimportantprojectshavebeencompleted,suchasChinaGPSpositioningnetwork,1:
250,000scaledatabase,etc.Inthecomingyears,themaintasksinChinaare:
theestablishmentof1:
50,000scaledatabase,andtheconstructionofNetworkforNationalFundamentalGeographicInformationSystems.
I.ORGANIZATIONSTRUCTURE
TheStateBureauofSurveyingandMappingofChina(SBSM)isanadministrativeagencyoftheChineseGovernmentforsurveyingandmapping,whichwasestablishedin1956.SBSMhastwomainfunctions:
theorganizationandmanagementofthenationalbasicsurveyingandmappingwork;andtheoveralladministrationofthesurveyingandmappingprofession.IntherestructuringoftheChineseGovernmentin1998,SBSMremainsasoneofthestatebureaus,butmovedfromtheMinistryofConstructiontotheMinistryofLandandResources.
ThemaintasksforSBSMareasfollows:
1.Drawingupadministrativelawsandregulationsinsurveyingandmapping,makingplansforthedevelopmentofthesurveyingandmappingcause,managementpoliciesandtechnicalstandardsforthesurveyingandmappingprofession,andsupervisingtheirimplementationaccordingtolaw.Organizingandmanagingbasicsurveyingandmapping,internationalandadministrativeboundarysurveyingandmapping,cadastralsurveyingandmappingandothernational-levelorsignificantsurveyingandmappingprojects,scientificandtechnologicalprojectsinsurveyingandmapping.
2.Workingoutmanagingproceduresfortheverificationofqualificationsofsurveyingandmappingorganizations,andaccordingtolaw,examiningandapprovingGradeAqualificationsofsurveyingandmappingorganizations,managingtheregistrationofsurveyingandmappingactivities,examiningandapprovingthesupplyofsurveyingandmappingresultsoverseas,surveyingandmappingactivitiesinChinaconductedbyforeignorganizationsorindividuals,investigatingandprosecutingnational-levelorseriousillegalcasesinsurveyingandmappingandbeingresponsibleforthereconsiderationofrelevantproceedings.PreparedbyYIShubaiandBAIBo,StateBureauofSurveyingandMapping,9SanliheRoad,Beijing100830
3.Managingnationalfundamentalgeographicinformationanddata,organizingandguidingthesocialserviceofthefundamentalgeographicinformation;managingnationalsurveyingandmappingdatumandsurveyingcontrolsystems;draftingstandardsamplemapsdefiningtheinternationalboundariesofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaincooperationwiththeMinistryofForeignAffairs;examiningandissuingimportantgeographicinformationanddatauponauthorization;guidingandsupervisingthemanagementofvarioussurveyingandmappingresultsandtheprotectionofsurveyingmarkersnationwide.
4.Formulatingplansandtechnicalstandardsforcadastralsurveyingandmapping,administeringtheverificationofcadastralsurveyingandqualifications,andcertifyingcadastralsurveyingandmappingresults.
5.Accordingtolaw,administeringthecompilationofmaps,examiningmapstobepublishedorpresentedtothepublic,administeringthepresentationofgeographicnamesonmaps.
6.Supervisingandmanagingthenationalsurveyingandmappingbudgetandotherearmarkedfunds.
7.Organizinginternationalcooperationandexchanges.
8.UndertakingothermissionsassignedbytheStateCouncilandtheMinistryofLandandNaturalResources.
Ineachoftheprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities,thereisabranch,eitheraprovincialbureauoraregionaloffice.Inmostofthecitiesandprefectures,surveyingandmappingadministrativeofficeshavebeenestablished.
ThesurveyingandmappingunitsinChinaaredistributedinover30ministriesandstatebureauswithtotal260,000surveyors.Theymaybedividedintothreeparts:
theSBSMsystem;themilitarysurveyingandmappingsystem;andtheprofessionalsurveyingandmappingsystem.Accordingtothestatisticsin1998,thereareover5700surveyingandmappingunitsinChina,whicharelegallyqualifiedformappingwork,including400Grade-Aunits,1000Grade-Bunits,2100Grade-Cunits,and2200Grade-Dunits.
II.LEGISLATIONANDREGULATIONS
TheSurveyingandMappingLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawaspromulgatedbytheNationalPeople'sCongressinDecember1992.Formeetingtherequirementofthesocialistmarketeconomyandthedevelopmentofsurveyingandmappingtechnology,SBSMstartedin1999tomakepreparationsfortheamendmentsoftheSurveyingandMappingLaw.Theemphasisoftheamendmentswillbeontheestablishmentofmechanismforbasicsurveyingandmappingtasks,andthequalificationofsurveyingandmappingunitsinthemarket,supplementarylegalresponsibilities.TheamendmentworkhasobtainedsupportfromthespecialcommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.
Inthepastyears,theStateCouncilofChinahaspromulgatedafewregulationsconcernedwithsurveyingandmappingsuchastheRegulationsonManagementofSurveyingandMappingResults,theRegulationsonMapCompilationandPublication,theRegulationsontheProtectionofSurveyingMarkers.TheRegulationsonManagementofSurveyingandMappingMarketisnowunderappraisalintheStateCouncil.
TheStateBureauofSurveyingandMappinghasworkedoutandpublishedover20decisionsandmethods,suchastheProvisionalMethodsonSurveyingandMappingMarketManagement,theDecisionsonSurveyingandMappingQualification.
Inprovincesandautonomousregions,over30regulationsonSurveyingandMappingManagementandmorethan40ruleshavebeenissued.
SBSMpaidgreatattentiontotheissuingoftheimportantgeographicdata,workedouttheDecisionsonProvisionsandApplicationsofNationalFundamentalGeographicInformation,andlicensedsystemforapplicationofnationalfundamentalgeographicdata.Inordertopromotetheapplicationsofgeographicdataandestablishdata-sharingmechanism,SBSMofferedfreeofchargeagroupofgeographicdatato14centralgovernmentdepartmentsandover10provincialgovernments.
TheNationalCommitteeonGeographicInformationhasbeenestablishedinChineseGovernment,withthechairmanfromtheStateCommissionofDevelopmentPlanning,andSBSMrepresentativeasoneofthevicechairmen.SBSMhassetuptheNationalTechnicalCommitteeonStandardizationofGeographicInformationwithmanyministriesandstatebureausinvolved.
Since1997,thebasicsurveyingandmappingbecameoneoftheimportantindependentpartintheNationalEconomyandSocialDevelopmentAnnulPlan.Sameintheprovincesandautonomousregions,themappingbecameanindependentpartoftheannualdevelopmentplan.SBSMandtheMinistryofFinancehavejointlyworkedoutandpublishedtheFinancialRuleforMappingUnitsandtheFinancialQuotasforMappingProduction.
III.GEODETICNETWORK
The1985heightsystemofChinawasestablishedinthemiddleof1980s.Since1991,SBSM,jointlywithotheragenciesinChina,havemadetheremeasurementofthefirst-orderleveling,with241levelinglinesand77closinglops,andfieldresultsof93,000km.Thedataprocessingwascompletedin1999.TheverticaldatuminChinaisinQingdaoCity,ShandongProvince.
Through7yearsefforts,anationalGPSnetworkofChinawasestablishedin1998,includingA-ordernetworkandB-ordernetwork.TheA-ordernetworkconsistsof33stations,andtheB-ordernetworkconsistsof818points.
ThefirstnationalgravitynetworkofChinawasestablishedin1957.The1985NationalGravityNetwork(NGN1985)hasbeeninuseforoveradecadeofyears.Since1999,SBSMtogetherwithotheragencies,startedtoestablishthe2000NationalGravityNetwork(NGN2000),whichconsistsof18originalstationsand119basicpoints.Thefieldworkwillbecompletedbytheendof2000anddataprocessingwillbedonein2001.
IV.FRAMEWORKCONSTRUCTION
Aftertheestablishmentof1:
1mnationaldatabasein1990's,SBSMcompletedtheconstructionof1:
250,000nationaldatabasein1998.Thedatabaseconsistsofthreesub-databases:
thetopographicsub-database,DEMdatabase,andgeographicnamesub-database.Thedataforthedatabasesarefrom816sheetsof1:
250,000maps.Thetopographicdatabaseincludes14layers,suchashydrography,transportation,boundaries,settlement,topography,vegetation,etc.TheDEMdatabaseincludestwokinds:
100×100mand3"×3".Thegeographicdatabasehasover800,000placenamesregistered.
FortheestablishmentoftheNationalSpatialDataInfrastructure,SBSMlaunchedin1999theconstructionof1:
50,000nationaldatabases,includingtheDigitalRasterGraphic(DRG)database,theDigitalElevationModel(DEM)database,theDigitalOrthophotoMap(DOM)database,theDigitalLineGraphic(DLG)database,theGeographicNamesdatabase,andtheLand-coverdatabase.Theconstructionofthe1:
50,000nationaldatabaseswouldbethemaintasksforSBSMinthecomingyears.
1:
10,000databaseisoneimportantpartofthenationalfundamentalgeographicinformation.Theestablishmentof1:
10,000databaseisthemaintasksforprovincialandregionalbureaus.SBSMhasworkedoutGuidelinesfor1:
10,000FundamentalGeographicInformationRevisionandDatabaseDesigning.SBSMalsohaspublishedguidelinesforstandardizationofurbangeographicinformationsystem.TheNationalGeodeticDatabase,asanimportantpartofnationalfundamentalgeographicinformationsystems,wasestablishedintheperiodof1995-1999,includinggravitysub-database,GPSnetworksub-database,levelingsub-database,andtriangulationsub-database.
Duringthereportedperiod,SBSM
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