Vocabulary teaching strategies for middle school student1.docx
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Vocabulary teaching strategies for middle school student1.docx
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Vocabularyteachingstrategiesformiddleschoolstudent1
Vocabularyteachingstrategiesformiddleschoolstudents
Abstract
VocabularyteachingisoneofimportantanddifficultpartsinprocessofEnglishlanguageteachingformiddleschoolstudents.Forthisreason,howtoteachstudentstograspaconsiderablevolumeofvocabularyisconsideredasthemostimportanttaskforEnglishlanguageteaching.Meanwhile,students’vocabularysizeisakeyfactorforstudentstolearnEnglishwell.VocabularyisoneofthebasicelementsinEnglishlanguageteaching.Thesizeofvocabularywillgreatlyinfluencetheabilityoflistening,speaking,reading,andwritingofstudentsaswellastheabilityofapprehendingofstudents.Thegreatersizeofvocabulary,thebetteroflearningeffect.Thispaperwilldetailedlyintroduceseveralvocabularyteachingstrategies:
game,visualaids,word-formation,classification,thespecificlanguagecontext,andthewordwall.Thesestrategieswhichthispaperintroducesareaimedatenlargingvocabularysizeofstudents,improvingtheabilityofstudentstoreinlanguageaswellasprovidingsomemodelsforteachers.
Keywords:
vocabularyteaching;middleschoolstudents;teachingstrategies
摘要
词汇是中学英语教学的重点与难点,是英语课堂教学的重要组成部分,而中学生能否学好英语的关键就在于对词汇的掌握程度。
在任何语言中,词汇都处于基础地位,英语也不例外,学生的词汇量很大程度上决定着学生学习英语的成败。
并且,学生的词汇量也会影响学生诸如听,说,读,写等方面的能力。
事实证明,学生的词汇量越大,其学习英语的效果越佳。
因此,中学英语教学最重要的任务之一就是如何让学生掌握大量的英语词汇。
学生能否掌握足够量的英语词汇,不仅是学生本人的责任,更与老师的教学策略有着密不可分的关系,甚至可以说,老师的词汇教学策略高效与否决定学生词汇量的掌握程度。
本文将系统地介绍游戏,直观教具,构词法,分类,具体的语境等词汇教学策略,以扩大学生的词汇量,提高学生驾驭语言的能力,以及为英语老师的词汇教学提供一些蓝本。
关键字:
英语,词汇教学,中学生,教学策略
1Introduction
1.1Situations
AccordingtothenewlyenactedEnglishcurriculumstandards,middleschoolstudentsshouldproficientlygrasp1500-1600wordsand200-300idiomsaswellascollocations.But,afewstudentscanreachthatlevel.Inadequacyinvocabularyisalmostfacedbyallstudents.Even,students’developmentofotheraspectswasrestrictedbylackingofvocabulary.Generallyspeaking,thereasonleadingtothiskindofsituationcanbedividedintotwoaspects.Firstly,teachersarewantingofappropriatestrategies,andtheyusuallyteachnewwordsonebyone.Secondly,studentsacquireandstorevocabularytotallybymechanicalmemorizing.Inmostcases,althoughstudentssparenoefforttolearnnewwords,verylittleisgrasped.
1.2SignificanceandBackground
Vocabularyisoneofthethreeelements(phonetic,vocabulary,grammar)andtheformationmaterialsoflanguage.AndvocabularyisthebasicofEnglishteaching.ItisimpossibleforteachertoteachEnglishwithoutvocabularyteaching.Therefore,howtoimprovetheefficiencyofEnglishvocabularyteachingisveryimportant.Teachingstrategiesdeterminewhetheraclassissuccessfulornot.ManystudiesandresearcheshavebeenmadeonEnglishvocabularyteachingandtheresultssuggestthatactivemanagementofvocabularylearningstrategiesleadstoabettercommandofvocabularyandbeneficialbackwash.ThefamouslinguistWilkins(1972)saidthatwithoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,butwithoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.MichaelLewis(1993),theauthorofTheLexicalApproach,believesthatlanguageisgrammaticalizedlexis,notlexicalizedgrammar,andlexisisthecoreoflanguagelearningwhilegrammarissubordinatetoit.Ellis(1994)thinksthatlanguagelearnersneedtofeelsecureandtobefreeofstresssotheycanfocusonlanguagetask.Theuseofsometeachingstrategiesjustcanreachthisgoal.TheEnglishLanguageTeacher’Handbook(2002)refersthatstudentslearnnewvocabularyintwostages.First,whentheyreadorhearnewwords,theyknowaboutthewordand
Canusuallyrecognizeit,buttheyarenotyetreadytouseitinspeechorwriting.Latter,whentheystarttousetheword,itbecomesapartoftheiractivevocabulary.However,thisprocessoflearningtousenewwordscantakealongtime.Usually,commonandusefuleverydaywordsbecomeouractivevocabularyfirst.Tospeedupthisprocess,wecanhelpstudentsbyprovidingusefulideasforrecordingandstoringnewwordsandgivinglotsofpracticewithnewwords.ZhangPing(2006)claimsthat,tosomedegree,vocabularyistheligamentforpeopletocommunicatewitheachother.Withoutenoughwords,onecan’tcommunicatewitheachothers,nomatterhowwonderfulhisgrammarandpronunciationare.
2LiteratureReview
AsSarahPhillips(1993)inyounglearnersclaimsthatiftheactivityisinteresting,itiseasiertobememorized,andsoisthelanguage.Lewis(1999)findsthatplayinggamesinlearningmaydevelopthesenseofcommunicationinEnglishofthestudents.Andthecombinationofthegamemayhelpthemwithastrongcommunicativeability.Ellis(1998)concludesthattheexpressionofvisionisakindofpowerfulvisualalaxiliarymeansofmemory.Wilkins(1972)findsthatnomatterhowwellthestudentslearngrammar,onmatterhowsuccessfullythesoundsaremastered,withoutwordtoexpressawiderangeofmeanings;communicationjustcannothappeninanymeaningway.Mathews(1974)findsthatvocabulary,ascompared,forinstance,withlanguagefunctionsandothergrammaticalstructures,isstillassignedtopartsofspeech(noun,verb,adverb,adjective,etc)byamethodwhichgoesbackfortwoaspects.Read(1997)findsthatcontextualizedwordsprovideamuchricherenvironmentandmayenhancethelearners’awarenessoftheusageofthesewords.WeiZhicheng(2003)findsthatword-formationinEnglishandChineseisnotcorrespondingonebyone,butthemainword-formationalsosharessomesimilarities.Anderson(1999)claimsthatguessingwordsincontextisperhapsthemostcommonvocabularyacquisitionskillsuggestedbyreadingtextandreadingteachers.Baker&Westrup(2000)showsthatstudentsneedtorecordandstorenewvocabularyinalogicalandhelpfulway,sothattheycanfindoldwordsandtheycanaddnewwordseasilyandquickly.Nation(1990)indicatesmorethanonceinhisbookthatguessingwordsfromcontextisthemostimportantandmostpowerfulofdealingwithunknownwords.Nation(1987)findsthatitiswellacceptedinlanguageteachingcirclesthatthecontextthatsurroundsawordcangivecluestotheword’smeaning.Guessingfromcontextisbelievedtobethebeststrategyindealingwithunknownlow-frequencywordsinwrittencontext.Green(2003)showsthatwordlistsonwalls--which,throughtheprocessofvocabularydevelopmentandenrichment,becomelearningtoolsthatareeasilyintegratedintoanyclassroommanagementsystem..
lp
3Strategies
3.1Game
Vocabularylearningisahardtaskwhichcansometimesbefrustrating.Alotoftimeisspentinrememberingnewwords,but,studentstendtoforgetandmisusenewword.Gameshavebeenproventohaveadvantagesandeffectivenessinlearningvocabularyinvariousways:
Gamesbringinrelaxationandfunforstudents.Thushelpthemlearnandretainnewwordseasily.Gamesusuallyinvolvefriendlycompetitionandtheykeeplearnersinterested.Vocabularygamesbringrealworldcontextintotheclassroomandenhancestudents’useofEnglishinaflexible,communicativeway.Toagreatextent,gamescangreatlymotivatestudents,andtheygivestudentsmoreopportunitiestoexpresstheiropinionsandfeelings.Iwillintroducesomegamesnext.
3.1.1JumbledWords:
Youcanwritesomewordsthatstudentshaverecentlylearntontheblackboardandthesewordshadbetterassociatewithonegiventheme.Foxexample,youcanwriteasetofwordslikethis:
(plepa,repa,aananb,ceahp,otpairc,nipeaplep,rysrtawebr).Tellyourstudentsthatthesewordsareallfruit,andthenaskthemtoputthesewordsinorderfirst,afterthatmatchestheadjectives.Writethreeormoreadjectivesontheblackboard.Forexample:
small,oval,andsour.Askyourstudentstochooseonewordthatcanbedescribedbyallthreeadjectives.
3.1.2FeeltheObject:
Collectwordsasmanyasyoucanfromstudentordailylife.Puttheobjectsthatyouhavecollectedinabag.Takethebagandaskstudentstofeeltheobjectsandtrytheirbesttoidentifythem.Thendividestudentsintodifferentgroups,letstudentstrytothinkofandnotedownasmanythingstheycanthatconsistentwithagivendefinitionandthattheyknowinEnglish.Forexample:
youcanputafeatherofsparrow,afeatherofeagle,afeatherofmagpie,afeatherofcrow…inabag,thenyoumighttellstudentstothinkofasmanyitemsastheycanthatworkonbirds.Afterthreeorfiveminutes,youcanholdacompetitiontoseewhichgroupcanthinkofthemostitems.
3.2Word-formation
Therearethreekindsofword-formationinEnglish,namely,compound,conversion,andderivation.Takeadvantageofword-formationwhenstudentshavelearntsomewords.Anditisverybeneficialtostudentstoenhanceandenlargetheirvocabulary,improvetheabilityofapprehensionandapplication.
3.2.1Compounding
Compounding,itmeansthejoiningtogetheroftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone.Thatistosay,compoundingwordisaunionoftwoormorewordstoconveyaunitidea.Mostcompoundingconsistsofonlytwoterms.
Nouncompoundsaretheexpressionswhichareusuallymadeupoftwowordsandwhichfunctionintheclauseasnouns,suchas,handshake,earthquake,classroom,andbedroom.
Adjectivecompoundsaretheexpressionswhichconsistofmorethanonewordsandwhichfunctionasadjectivesinclauses,Suchashomesick,breathtaking.
3.2.2Conversions
Conversionmeansadaptationofitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.Namely,conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingonewordtoanother.Wordswhichareproducedbyconversionareusuallynouns,adjectives,andverbs.Mostconversionstakeplacebetweennouns
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