工程造价专业毕业外文文献中英对照.docx
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工程造价专业毕业外文文献中英对照.docx
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工程造价专业毕业外文文献中英对照
本科毕业论文
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目China’sPathwaytoLow—carbonDevelopment
文献、资料来源:
JournalofKnowledge-based
InnovationinChina
文献、资料发表(出版)日期:
Vol。
2No。
3,2010
院(部):
管理工程学院
专业:
工程造价
外文文献
China’sPathwaytoLow—carbonDevelopment
Abstract
Purpose–ThepurposeofthispaperistoexploreChina'scurrentpolicyandpolicyoptionsregardingtheshifttoalow-carbon(LC)development.
Design/methodology/approach–Thepaperusesbothaliteraturereviewandempiricalsystemsanalysisofthetrendsofsocio-economicconditions,carbonemissionsanddevelopmentofinnovationcapacitiesinChina.
Findings–Theanalysisshowsthataholisticsolutionandco—benefitapproachareneededforChina'stransitiontoagreenandLCeconomy,andthat,especiallyfordevelopingcountries,itisnotenoughtohaveonlygoalsregardingmitigationandadaptation。
Instead,aconcreteroadmaptowardsaLCfutureisneededthataddresseskeyissuesoftechnologytransfer,institutionalarrangementsandsharingthecostsinthecontextofaglobalclimateregime.Inthislight,itisarguedthatChinashouldadoptanapproachforlow—carbondevelopmentcentredoncarbonintensityreductionoverthenexttenyears。
Originality/value–Thepaperthusprovidesauniquesummary,inEnglish,oftheargumentssupportingChina’scurrentlow—carboninnovationpoliciesfromoneoftheauthorsofthispolicy。
Keywords:
Carbon,Sustainabledevelopment,Environmentalmanagement,Governmentpolicy,China
Papertype–Researchpaper
Climatechangehasbecomethemostsignificantenvironmentanddevelopmentchallengetohumansocietyinthetwenty—firstcentury.Respondingtoclimatechangeisthecoretasktoachievingglobalsustainabledevelopment,bothfortodayandforaratherlongperiodoftimefromtoday.Internationalnegotiationsonpreventionofglobalwarmingandrelatedactionsnotonlyconcernthehumanlivingenvironment,butalsodirectlyimpactthemodernizationprocessofdevelopingcountries。
Althoughtheprocessofglobalclimateprotectiondependsontheconsensusofourscientificawareness,politicalwills,economicinterests,society’slevelofacceptance,aswellasmeasuresadopted,alow—carbon(LC)developmentpathis,undoubtedly,thecriticalchoiceoffuturehumandevelopment.
Thesciencebasisofclimatechangeanditsextendedpoliticalandeconomicimplications
Globalwarmingoftheclimatesystemhasbecomeanunequivocalfact.Accordingtoalargeamountofmonitoringdata,globalaveragelandsurfacetemperaturehasrisen0.748Coverthelastcentury(IPCC,2007a,b,c,d)。
Andtherateofrisinghasbeenspedup。
Inthemeantime,globalaveragesealevelhasbeenconstantlyrisingtoo。
GlobalwarminghasposedaseriouschallengetoChina’sclimate,environmentanddevelopment.Intheglobalcontextofclimatechange,China'sclimateandenvironmentarechangingtoo。
Forinstance,inthelastcentury,thelandsurfaceaveragetemperaturehaswitnessedanobviousincrease;thoughtheprecipitationhasnotchangedtoomuch,itsinterdecadalvariationsandregionaldisparityhavebeenbig.Inthelast50years,therehavealsobeenmajorchangesinthefrequencyandintensityofextremeweatherandclimateevents(EditorialBoardofChina’sNationalAssessmentReportonClimateChange,2007)。
TheIPCC(2007a,b,c,d)integratedassessmentshowsthatsince1750,humanactivitieshavebeenamajorcauseofglobalwarming,whileinthelast50years,mostoftheglobalwarmingistheconsequenceofhumanactivities,withaprobabilityofmorethan90percent,inparticularfromthegreenhousegases(GHGs)emissionsduetothehumanuseoffossilfuels。
Itisforecastthatbeforetheendofthetwenty—firstcentury,globalwarmingwillcontinue,andhowmuchthetemperaturewillrisedependsonwhatactionshumanswilltake.AccordingtheThirdWorkingGroupReportoftheIPCCfourthAssessment(IPCC,2007a,b,c,d),humanactionstomitigateclimatechangearefeasible,botheconomicallyandtechnologically。
Actionstodeploykeymitigationtechnologiesinvarioussectors,adoptingpolicyandadministrativeinterferenceandshiftingthedevelopmentpathwaycouldallcontributegreatlytomitigationofclimatechange.
WithChinabecomingtheworld’slargestCO2emitter,Chinafacesincreasingpressuretoreduceitsemissions。
Beingaresponsiblecountry,Chinawilltakeactionstotackleclimatechange。
Whendevelopingitsmitigationtarget,Chinawillconsidersuchfactorsaslevelofdevelopment,technologyknow—how,socialimpact,internationalimageandanewinternationalclimateregimeunderpinnedbyfairnessandeffectiveness.Chinawillmoveintoawin-windevelopmentpathtoachieveclimateprotection,qualityeconomicdevelopmentandotherrelatedpolicytargets.
TodevelopLCeconomy–background,opportunitiesandchallenges
Asillustratedabove,systematicsolutionsarerequiredtotackleclimatechange,duetothecomplexityoftheglobalclimatesystemaswellasitscoverageofbroadsocialandeconomicissues.Afternearlytwodecades’exploration,humansocietyhasrealizedthatinordertoeffectivelymitigateandadapttoclimatechange,wehavetofundamentallyreduceourrelianceonfossilfuels,whichmeansthatwehavetoachievetheshifttoaLCfuturefromthewayweproduceandconsumetohowglobalassetsareallocated(includingindustries,technology,capitalsandresources)andhowtheyaretransferred.FromtheperspectiveofthelimitedstoragecapacityofGHGsintheclimatesystemasaglobalpublicgood,bothahighlevelofhumanwisdomandanewinternationalclimateregimetodealwithmarketfailurearerequired,whichalsodemandstheparticipationofallstakeholdersandtogethertheyshallcharteranewdevelopmentpathway。
Humansocietyhastopaytheeconomicpricestosolveclimatewarming。
Thus,thethreeflexible“mechanisms"intheKyotoProtocol(jointimplementation,emissionstradingandcleandevelopmentmechanism)demonstrateameaningfulexperimentfortheAnnexIcountriestodecreasetheiremissionsreductioncosts.Whatisneededistomoveforwardfromwherewearenowtoexploreamoreuniversallyapplicablemechanismthatwouldeffectivelyallocatetheresourcesamongthekeyresponsiblestakeholders.TheLCdevelopmentpathembodiesanintegratedsolutionstrategy。
ItaimstobuildupaLCsocietythroughLCeconomicdevelopment,triestoachievetherestructuringofallthekeyelementsdiscussedaboveandoffersnewopportunitiesforhumansocietyinresponsetoclimatechangethroughcollaborations。
Asafundamentalvenuetocoordinatesocialandeconomicdevelopment,guaranteeenergysecurityandrespondtoclimatechange,developmentofLCeconomyisgraduallygainingtheneededconsensusfrommoreandmorecountries.Thoughwithoutafixedacademicdefinition,thecoreofdevelopingaLCeconomyistoestablishadevelopmentpathwaythathashigh-energyefficiency,low—energyconsumptionandlowemissions.Underafairandeffectiveinternationalclimateregime,theefficiencyofenergyexploration,generation,transmission,transformationanduseisexpectedtobeincreasedgreatlyandenergyconsumptiongreatlyreduced,sothatthecarbonintensityinenergysupplyforeconomicgrowthisdramaticallyreduced,alongwiththecarbonemissionsfromenergyconsumption。
Throughincreasingcarbonsinkandusingcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)technology,theGHGemissionsfromfossilfuelsthatarehardtoreducecanbeoffset。
Inthemeanwhile,throughtheestablishmentofreasonableandfairtechnologytransferandfinancialsupportmechanisms,developingcountriescanundertakethecostsofshiftingtowardsLCpatternswhilebeingatthelowestendofthevaluechainintheinternationaltradestructure。
TheperspectivesofdevelopmentvalueneedtobechangedinordertopromotethetransitionofconsumptiontowardsasustainableandLCfuture。
Whatneedstobeclarifiedisthat,duetothedifferencesofvariouscountries’socialandeconomiccontexts,thestartingpointstowardsaLCfuturemightvary,asmightthepursuedgoals.Fordevelopedcountriesthataretakingtheleadtocommittoreductiontargets,theirfirstobjectivetodevelopaLCeconomyistoreduceemissions。
Fordevelopingcountrieswhoseeconomiesarestillatafastgrowingstage,theirfirstpriorityisdevelopmentandtheirpercapitaenergyconsumptionisexpectedtocontinuetogrow。
Theobjectivesshallbemultiple。
Atthecurrentstage,itishardtomainstreamtheclimatechangepoliciesdomestically。
Whatispossibleistoreduceenergyintensityandincreasecarbonproductivityinordertograduallydecoupleeconomicgrowthandcarbonemissions.WhatisequallyimportantisthatthereexistmanyuncertaintiesindevelopmentofLCeconomy,particularlyfordevelopingcountries。
Tremendousdifficultiesandbarriersneedtobeovercomeintheprocess.Attheinternationallevel,theuncertaintiesofdevelopingLCeconomyinclude:
Costsandmarkets–atthismomentwecouldhardlybeabletoestimatethewholecoststhatarerequiredtodevelopaLCeconomy。
ItisfarfrombeingassimpleascalculatingthedirectcostsofadoptingLCtechnologies.ItalsotakestimetoestablishLCtechnologyandproductmarkets,especiallynow,whentheglobalfinancialcrisishashiteveryonehardandwhennoonecangiveagoodestimateaboutwhentheworldeconomycouldturnaroundandrecover;thoughmanyexpertsandscholarsholdthattheresponsetothelong—termclimatechangecouldbringnewopportunitiestoeconomicrecovery(Stiglitz,2009;Wang,2008b)。
WhatmakesthesituationmorecomplicatednowishowtheUSA,China,IndiaandotherkeycountrieswouldparticipateintheestablishmentofaLCmarket。
Establishmentofa
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