BOOK 3 CHAPTER 1 Of the Redress of Private Wrongs by the Mere Act of the Parties.docx
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BOOK 3 CHAPTER 1 Of the Redress of Private Wrongs by the Mere Act of the Parties.docx
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BOOK3CHAPTER1OftheRedressofPrivateWrongsbytheMereActoftheParties
BOOK3,CHAPTER1 OftheRedressofPrivateWrongsbytheMereActoftheParties
ATtheopeningofthesecommentaires1municipallawwasingeneraldefinedtobe,"aruleofcivilconduct,prescribedbythesupremepowerinastate,commandingwhatisright,andprohibitingwhatiswrong."2Fromhencethereforeitfollowed,thattheprimaryobjectsofthelawaretheestablishmentofrights,andtheprohibitionofwrongs.Andthisoccasioned3thedistributionofthesecollectionsintotwogeneralheads;undertheformerofwhichwehavealreadyconsideredtherightsthatweredefinedandestablished,andunderthelatterarenowtoconsiderthewrongsthatareforbiddenandredressed,bythelawsofEngland.
INtheprosectutionofthefirstoftheseinquiries,wedistinguishedrightsintotwosorts:
first,suchasconcernorareannexedtothepersonsofmen,andarethencalledjurapersonarum,ortherightsofpersons;which,togetherwiththemeansofacquiringandlosingthem,composedthefirstbookofthesecommentaries:
and,secondly,suchasamanmayacquireoverexternalobjects,orthingsunconnectedwithhisperson,whicharecalledjurarerum,ortherightsofthings;andthese,withthemeansoftransferringthemfrommantoman,werethesubjectofthesecondbook.Iamnowthereforetoproceedtotheconsiderationofwrongs;whichforthemostpartconveytousanideamerelynegative,asbeingnothingelsebutaprivationofright.Forwhichreasonitwasnecessary,that,beforeweenteredatallintothediscussionofwrongs,weshouldentertainaclearanddistinctnotionofrights:
thecontemplationofwhatisjusbeingnecessarilypriortowhatmaybetermedinjuria,andthedefinitionoffasprecedenttothatofnefas.
WRONGSaredivisibleintotwosortsorspecies;privatewrongs,andpublicwrongs.Theformerareaninfringementorprivationoftheprivateorcivilrightsbelongingtoindividuals,consideredasindividuals;andarethereuponfrequentlytermedcivilinjuries:
thelatterareabreachandviolationofpublicrightsandduties,whichaffectthewholecommunity,consideredasacommunity;andaredistinguishedbytheharsherappellationofcrimesandmisdemeanors.Toinvestigatethefirstofthesespeciesofwrongs,withtheirlegalremedies,willbeouremploymentinthepresentbook;andtheotherspecieswillbereservedtillthenextorconcludingvolume.
THEmoreeffectuallytoaccomplishtheredressofprivateinjuries,courtsofjusticeareinstitutedineverycivilizedsociety,inordertoprotecttheweakfromtheinsultsofthestronger,byexpoundingandenforcingthoselaws,bywhichrightsaredefined,andwrongsprohibited.Thisremedyisthereforeprincipallytobesoughtbyapplicationtothesecourtsofjustice;thatis,bycivilsuitoraction.forwhichreasonourchiefemploymentinthisvolumewillbetoconsidertheredressofprivatewrongs,bysuitoractionincourts.Butassomeinjuriesareofsuchanature,thattheyfurnishorrequireamorespeedyremedy,thancanbehadintheordinaryformsofjustice,thereisallowedinthosecasesanextrajudicialoreccentricalkindofremedy;ofwhichIshallfirstofalltreat,beforeIconsidertheseveralremediesbysuit:
and,tothatend,shalldistributetheredressofprivatewrongsintothreeseveralspecies;first,thatwhichisobtainedbythemereactofthepartiesthemselves;secondly,thatwhichiseffectedbythemereactandoperationoflaw;and,thirdly,thatwhicharisesfromsuitoractionincourts;whichconsistsinaconjunctionoftheothertwo,theactofthepartiesco-operatingwiththeactoflaw.
AND,first,ofthatredressofprivateinjuries,whichisobtainedbythemereactoftheparties.Thisisoftwosorts;first,thatwhicharisesfromtheactoftheinjuredpartyonly;and,secondly,thatwhicharisesfromthejointactofallthepartiestogether:
bothwhichIshallconsiderintheirorder.
OFthefirstsort,orthatwhicharisesfromthesoleactoftheinjuredparty,is,
I.THEdefenseofone'sself,orthemutualandreciprocaldefenseofsuchasstandintherelationsofhusbandandwife,parentandchild,masterandservant.Inthesecases,ifthepartyhimself,oranyofthesehisrelations,beforciblyattackedinhispersonorproperty,itislawfulforhimtorepelforcebyforce;andthebreachofthepeace,whichhappens,ischargeableuponhimonlywhobegantheaffray.4Forthelaw,inthiscase,respectsthepassioinsofthehumanmind;and(whenexternalviolenceisofferedtoamanhimself,orthosetowhomhebearsanearconnection)makesitlawfulinhimtodohimselfthatimmediatejustice,towhichheispromptedbynature,andwhichnoprudentialmotivesarestrongenoughtorestrain.Itconsidersthatthefutureprocessoflawisbynomeansanadequateremedyforinjuriesaccompaniedwithforce;sinceitisimpossibletosay,towhatwantonlenghsofreapineorcrueltyoutragesofthissortmightbecarried,unlessitwerepermittedamanimmediatelytoopposeoneviolencewithanother.Self-defensethereforeasitisjustlycalledtheprimarylawofnature,soitisnot,neithercanitbeinfact,takenawaybethelawofsociety.IntheEnglishlawparticularlyitisheldanexcuseforbreachesofthepeace,nayevenforhomicideitself:
butcaremustbetakenthattheresistancedoesnotexceedtheboundsofmeredefenseandprevention;forthenthedefenderwouldhimflefbecomeanaggressor.
II.RECAPTIONorreprisalisanotherspeciesofremedybythemereactofthepartyinjured.Thishappens,whenanyonehasdeprivedanotherofhispropertyingoodsorchattelspersonal,orwrongfullydetainsone'swife,child,orservant;inwhichcasetheownerofthegoods,andthehusband,parent,ormaster,maylawfullyclaimandretakethem,whereverhehappensoffindthem;sotibenotinariotousmanner,orattendedwithabreachofthepeace.5Thereasonforthisisobvious;sinceitmayfrequentlyhappenthattheownermayhavethisonlyopportunityofdoinghimselfjustice:
hisgoodsmaybeafterwardsconveyedawayordestroyed;andhiswife,ifhehadnospeedierremedythantheordinaryprocessoflaw.Ifthereforehecansocontriveitastogainpossessionofhispropertyagain,withoutforceorterror,thelawfavorsandwilljustifyhisproceeding.But,asthepublicpeaceisasuperiorconsiderationtoanyoneman'sprivateproperty;andas,ifindividualwereonceallowedtouseprivateforceasaremedyforprivateinjuries,allsocialjusticemustcease,thestrongwouldgivelawtotheweak,andeverymanwouldreverttoastateofnature;forthesereasonsitisprovided,thatthisnaturalrightofrecaptionshallneverbeexerted,wheresuchexertionmustoccasionstrifeandbodilycontention,orendangerthepeaceofsociety.If,forinstance,myhorseistakenaway,andIfindhiminacommon,afair,orapublicinn,Imaylawfullyseizehimtomyownuse:
butIcannotjustifybreakingopenaprivatestable,orenteringonthegroundsofathirdperson,totakehim,excepthebefeloniouslystolen;6butmusthaverecoursetoanactionatlaw.
III.ASrecaptionisaremedygiventothepartyhimself,foraninjurytohispersonalproperty,so,thirdly,aremedyofthesamekindforinjuriestorealpropertyisbyentryonlandsandtenements,whenanotherpersonwithoutanyrighthastakenpossessionthereof.Thisdependsinsomemeasureonlikereasonswiththeformer;and,likethattoo,mustbepeaceableandwithoutforce.Thereissomenicetyrequiredtodefineanddistinguishthecases,inwhichsuchentryislawfulorotherwise:
itwillthereforebemorefullyconsideredinasubsequentchapter;beingonlymentionedinthisplaceforthesakeofregularityandorder.
IV.AFOURTHspeciesofremedybythemereactofthepartyinjured,istheabatement,orremoval,ofnuisances.Whatnuisancesare,andtheirseveralspecies,weshallfindamoreproperplacetoinquireundersomeofthesubsequentdivisions.AtpresentIshallonlyobserve,thatwhatsoeverunlawfullyannoysordoesdamagetoanotherisanuisance;andsuchnuisancemaybeabated,thatis,takenawayorremoved,bythepartyaggrievedthereby,soashecommitsnoriotinthedoingofit.7Ifahouseorwalliserectedsoneartominethatitstopsmyancientlightswhichisaprivatenuisance,Imayentermyneighbor'sland,andpeaceablypullitdown.8Orifanewgatebeerectedacrossthepublichighway,whichisacommonnuisance,anyoftheking'ssubjectspassingthatwaymaycutitdown,anddestroyit.9Andthereasonwhythelawallowsthisprivateandsummarymethodofdoingone'sselfjustice,isbecauseinjuriesofthiskind,whichobstructorannoysuchthingsasareofdailyconvenienceanduse,repuireanimmediateremedy;andcannowaitfortheflowprogressoftheordinaryformsofjustice.
V.AFIFTHcase,inwhichthelawallowsamantobehisownavenger,ortoministerredresstohimself,isthatofdistrainingcattleorgoodsfornonpaymentofrent,orotherduties;or,distraininganother'scattledamage-feasant,thatis,doingdamage,ortrespassing,uponhisland.Theformerintendedforthebenefitoflandlords,topreventtenantsfromsecretingorwithdrawingtheireffectstohisprejudice;thelatterarisingfromthenecessityofthethingitself,asitmightotherwisebeimpossibleatafuturetimetoascertain,whosecattletheywerethatcommittedthetrespassordamage.
ASthelawofdistressesisapointofgreatuseandconsequence,Ishallconsideritwithsomeminuteness,byinquiring,first,forwhatinjuriesadistressmaybetaken;secondly,whatthingsmaybedistrained;and,thirdly,themanneroftaking,d
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