考研英语试题与答案解析完整版Word格式文档下载.docx
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考研英语试题与答案解析完整版Word格式文档下载.docx
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Andwhereisthenearest
watersource?
Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater._9
if
youheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould
10
seesignsofpeople
Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe
11
howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.
Another
12
Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.
13
evenindensefores,youshouldbeableto
14
gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve
15
thewoods.Headtowardthese
16
tofindawayout.Atmight
canthehorizonfor
17
lightsourcessuchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglow
oflightpollution.
18
assumingyou'
relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe
19
we
leaveonthelandscape.Trailblazestiretracks.andotherfeaturescan
20
youtocivilization.
1.
[A]Some
[B]Most
[C]Few
[D]All
2.
[A]put
[B]take
[C]run
[D]come
3.
[A]Since
[B]If
[C]Though
[D]until
4.
[A]Formally
[B]relatively
[C]gradually
[D]literally
5.
[A]back
[B]next
[C]around
[D]
away
6.
[A]onto
[B]off
[C]across
[D]alone
7.
[A]unattractive
[B]uncrowded
[C]unchanged
[D]unfamiliar
8.
[A]site
[B]point
[C]way
place
9.
[A]So
[B]Yet
[C]Instead
Besides
10.
[A]immediately
[B]intentionally
[C]unexpectedly
[D]eventually
11.
[A]surprised
[B]annoyed
[C]frightened
[D]confused
12
[A]problem
[B]option
[C]view
[D]result
13.
[A]Aboveall
[B]
Incontrast
[C]Onaverage
[D]Forexample
14.
[A]bridge
avoid
[C]spot
[D]separate
15.
[A]form
[B]through
[C]beyond
[D]Under
16.
[A]posts
[B]links
[C]
shades
[D]breaks
17.
[A]artificial
[B]mysterious
[C]hidden
[D]limited
18.
[A]Finally
[B]Consequently
[C]Incidentally
[D]Generally
19.
[A]memories
[B]marks
[C]notes
[D]belongings
20.
[A]restrict
[B]adopt
lead
expose
SectionIIReadingComprehension
Part
A
Readthefollowingfourtexts,Answerthequestions
eachtextbychoosingAB.CorD.
MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(40points)
Text1
FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear.anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed1oyearsiftheirbanks
areunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"
clawback"
ruleistohold
bankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yet
officialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:
morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanks
butbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.
“Short-termism”
orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies.saystheBankofEngland'
stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"
Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”
ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeaten
last.
TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain.henoteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemand
highquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirmseffortstoinvestinlone-termresearch
ortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"
quarterlycapitalism”.
Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."
Thereseemstobea
predominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”
saidCommissioner
DanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.
IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodefer
performancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"
short-termism."
InitslatestsurveyofCEO
payTheWallstreetJournalfindsthat"
asubstantial
part"
ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.
Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"
long-termism,suchaschangesinthetaxcode
andquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompany
investmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmorevotingrightsinacompany.
Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders,Britain’s
newruleis
aremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformancenotjustfortheshortterm
butforthelongterm.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe
A.enhancebankers'
senseofresponsibility
Bhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofits
C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation
D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives
22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate
A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits
B.
governmentsimpatienceindecision-making
C.
thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies
D."
short-termism"
ineconomicactivities
23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe
A.indited
B.adverse
C.minimal
Dtemporary
24.TheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate
A.theobstaclestopreventing"
short-termism.
thesignificanceorlongtermthinking.
C.theapproachestopromotinglong-termism.
D.
theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism
B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue
C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives
FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers
Text2
Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepast
fewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhich
studentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburied
deepincoursecatalogscalledgradeforgiveness"
-ishelpingraiseGPAs.
Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,and
themostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'
s
overallGPA.
Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinueto
dotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgradationrates.Whenthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethema
secondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-level
courses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,and
evengraduatestudents,toget
theirlowgradesforgiven.
Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegrade
itselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramand
gradationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."
Untimely."
saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'
registrar."
weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.
Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaswell.For
publicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchas
graduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,mean
moremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbig
concern
forcolleges.
Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'
expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoa
job,itisinthebestinterest
ofaschooltotumoutgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'
andcolleges’
incentivesseemtobealigned.
26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?
A.
Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.
B.StudentsindifferencetoGPAS.
CCollegesneglectofGPAS.
D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.
27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness
A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.
B.Tomaintaincollegesgraduationrates.
C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingf
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