定语从句中的关系代词和副词6Word下载.docx
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定语从句中的关系代词和副词6Word下载.docx
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Ⅲ.who,whom,that代表人
A.who,that作主格,不能省略。
Themanwho/thatspokeatthemeetingthismorningisafamouslawyer.
作主格时,who较that更常用。
B.who,whom,that,作动词的宾语。
口语中常用who或that代替whom。
经常可以省略。
Thegirlwho(m)/thatyousawjustnowisJane.
ThegirlyousawjustnowisJane.
C.当先行词是all,nobody,noone,somebody,someone,anybody等词或者名词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,指人时who和that都可以用。
Allwho/thatheardthenewswereexcited.
D.介词+whom引导定语从句时,whom不能由who或that代替,也不能省略。
Idon’tknowthepersontowhomyoutalked.
但在口语中,通常把介词放在从句后面。
此时,可以用who或that代替whom;
经常省略关系代词。
Idon’tknowtheman(who/that)youtalkedto.
Thehero(who/that)youoftenhearofwillcometoourschooltomorrow.
Ⅳ.which,that代表事物
A.which,that作主格。
不能省略。
Thisisthebookwhich/thatwaswrittenineasyEnglishbyourEnglishteacher.
B.which/that作动词的宾语可以省略。
Thepicture(which/that)hedrewinthe1980sareonshow.
C.介词+which+从句
1)此结构中,which不能用that代替,也不能省略。
但是口语中,当介词放在从句后
面时,可that代替which,也可省略。
如:
Thechaironwhichsheissittingismadeofplastics.
Thechair(which/that)sheissittingonismadeofplastics.
2)可用when代替表示时间的at/inwhich:
I’llalwaysrememberthedayonwhich/whenIvisitedProfessorWang.
3)可用where代替表示地点的at/inwhich:
Ihaven’teverbeentothehouseinwhich/wheremyunclelives.
4)可用why表示原因的forwhich:
Thereasonforwhich/whyherefusedtogothepartywasthattheyhadnot
invitedhimto.
D.当先行词是all,much,little,everything,none或是由no构成的词组时,通常用that,很少用which。
Alltheorangesthatshebroughtmewereeatenbymylittlebrother.
Ⅴ.whose用作所有格
A.whose指人,表示所修饰的“某(些)人的”:
Idon’twanttohiretheboywhosefatherisnowinprison.
OncetherewasawisekingwhosenamewasAlfred.
B.whose也指事物,表示所修饰的“某物的”:
Lookatthehousewhoseroofisred.
用于这中场合的“whose+从句”结构常可以用“…ofwhich+从句”或“ofwhich…+从句”或“with+短语”代替。
Lookatthehouse,theroofofwhichisred.
Lookatthehouse,ofwhichtheroofisred.
Lookatthehousewitharedroof.
Ⅵ.通常只用who代表人的场合
1)当先行词是one,ones,anyone,或those等:
Anyonewhodoesthatmustbemad.
Thosewhoaretobreakthelawwillbepunished.
2)在therebe结构中可用that,但who较多用。
Thereisayoungmanwho/thatwantstoseeyou.
3)当先行词是人而后面有较长的修饰语时:
Imetafriendofmineintheparkyesterdaywhohadgotthreegoldmedalsin
theAsianGames.
4)为了避免重复或引起歧义:
Themanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohasjustcome
fromShanghai.
5)当先行词是、I,you,he,they等时(常用语谚语中)
Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburned.(玩火者必自焚)
Ⅶ.通常只用that的场合
1)当先行词是人+事物时
Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyhadvisited.
2)当the+形容词最高级/last/next/only/very+(名词)作先行词时:
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
ThatistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.
3)当先行词中含有序数词时:
ThisisthefirstletterthatIhavereceivedfromhersincesheleft.
4)当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时:
Chinaisnotthecountrythatitusedtobe.
5)当先行词是anything/something/nothing/everything等不定代词时,经常用that:
I’lltellyoueverythingthatIknowaboutthemeeting.
6)为了避免重复:
Whichisthecarthathittheboy?
Whowasthemanthatshedancedwith?
7)当先行词是疑问代词who时:
Whothathassuchahousedoesnotloveit?
Ⅷ.关系代词which的其它用法
1)代表主句中谓语的整个概念:
HecanwritealetterinEnglish,whichIcannotdo.
2)代表整个主句:
Isaidnothing,whichmadehimstillangrier.
3)当先行词本身是that,表示事物时,关系代词通常用which:
Hehasfoundthatwhichhewaslookingfor.
Ⅸ.when,where,why作关系副词
A.when代替at/in/on/duringwhich,在定语从句中作状语。
Tellmethetimewhen(=atwhich)thetrainleaves.
July,when(=inwhich)wecangohomeforarest,iscomingsoon.
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)IreachedthetopoftheHuangshanMountain.
Youwillhavesomesparetimewhen(=duringwhich)youcanlearnFrenchathome.
有时候when可以用that代替或省略,如:
Iknowthetimewhen/thatJohnleft.或IknowthetimeJohnleft.
注意:
当表示时间的先行词time,morning,afternoon,day,night,moment,childhood等充当从句的主语、动词或介词的宾语时,不能够when。
HisuncleisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,whichisthebestseasonthere.(这里的which指October,作主语)
Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichIspentwithyourfamily.(which指days,作宾语)
在Itisthefirst/lasttimethat…句型中,that是习惯用法,不能用when替代。
ItisthefirsttimethatIhavebeentotheGreatWall.
B.where代替at/in/towhich,在定语从句中作地点状语。
Thisistheschoolwhere(=atwhich)Iusedtostudy.
Whatisthenameofthetownwhere(=inwhich)westayedlastnight?
Thinkofaplacewhere(=towhich)wecangofordinner.
在口语中偶尔用that代替where,如:
Thisistheveryspotwhere/thattheaccidenthappened.
C.where有时作关系代词,经常用在fromwhere+从句之中。
Hisheadsoonappearedoutofthewindowfromwhere/whichhecouldseenothingbuttrees.
where不能用作从句的主语或动词的宾语。
Themuseumwhich/thatwevisitedyesterdayhasahistoryof200years.
(不能说*TheMuseumwherewevisitedyesterdayhasahistoryof200years.)
请注意观察和比较以下两例中的关系词:
TheMuseumwhere/inwhichheworkshasalonghistory.
TheMuseum(which/that)hevisitedhasalonghistory.
D.why代替forwhich用作reason的定语从句。
Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)helefthere.
同样在口语中,why可以省略。
That’sthereason(why)helefthome.
注意观察下例:
Thereasonwhyhissisterislateisthathishusbandisdangerouslyillinhospital.
句中why不用that代替,以避免重复;
that不能够用because或why代替,陈述主语reason的表语从句只用that引导,that不作从句的某一成分,试比较:
Ididn’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslate.
Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathiswifewasill.
Hiswifewasveryill.That’swhyhewaslate.
It’sbecausehiswifewasillinbed.
E.in/bywhich或that用在theway之后,在定语从句中作方式状语,例如:
Iadmiredtheway(inwhich/that)youansweredhisquestion.
Thisistheway(bywhich/that)wecamelasttime.
Ⅹ.非限定性定语从句
A.与限定性定语从句的区别
限定性定语从句不能用逗号与主句隔开,它限制所修饰的先行词的意义;
非限定性定语从句前面需用逗号与主句分开,它只是先行词的附加说明,省去后不会影响主句的意思。
MybrotherwholivesinNewYorkhassixchildren.
我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。
(不止一个兄弟)
Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,hassixchildren.
我的兄弟有六个孩子,他住在纽约。
(只有这一个兄弟)
由以上例句可见:
非限定性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”,翻译时通常译成一个并列句,其形式往往可用and…替换。
又如:
Imetaboatman,who(=andhe)tookmeacrosstheriver.
TheywillflytoKunming,where(=andthere)theywillstayforseveraldays.
B.非限定性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法
1)在任何情况下都不能省略;
2)who(主格),whom(宾格),which(主、宾格)不能用that代替,也不能互相替换;
3)介词+which/whom+从句结构中,介词不能移到从句的后面;
4)when,where可用于非限定性定语从句。
Ⅺ.关系代词作主语时数的判定
A.who,which,that本身并没有数和性的变化,它们的数和性应以先行词的数和性而定,从句中的动词谓语形式应与其数保持一致。
Italkedwiththeboywhoswimsthefastestinyourschool.(注意:
…theboywhoswims)
AlltheboyswhoarenowswimmingintheriverarefromWuhan,(注意:
…theboyswhoarenowswimming)
B.oneof…和theone/theonlyoneof…
1)HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowEnglishwell.
2)HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsEnglishwell.
句1中who指theteachers,作复数,意指:
精通英语的教师之一;
句2中who指theonlyone,作单数,意指:
教师中唯一精通英语的。
C.根据具体情况而定。
1)Pleaselookatthewomanwithtwochildrenwhoissittingunderthetree.
2)Pleaselookatthewomanwithtwochildrenwhoareplayingunderthetree.
句1中who代表thewoman:
那位带着两个孩子坐在数下树下的妇女;
句2中的who代表twochildren:
那位带着两个在树下玩的孩子的妇女
Ⅻ.as作关系代词
A.as代表整个主句或主句中的某一成分,常可用which取代。
Sheisverycareful,as(=which)herworkshows.
Itislikeasnake,as(=which)anybodycansee.
但要注意,当as从句位于句首时,as不能用which取代。
Asshehadhoped,hesawtheplay.
B.使用as的几个惯用结构
1)thesame…as;
Theyarestudyingthesamesubjectasweare.
2)suchas;
ThebookisnotsuchasIexpect.
3)such…as;
Suchbooksasthisaretoodifficulttobeginners.
4)asmany…as;
HehadasmanybooksonphysicsasIhad.
5)asmuch…as;
Thereisaplentyofhotwater.Youcanuseasmuchasyouneed.
6)as…as;
IranasfastasIcould.
7)notso/as…as;
Heisnotsostrongasheusedtobe.
C.一些使用as的惯用语
1)asanybodycansee(正如人人都能看到的那样)
2)asweallknow(正如我们大家所知道的那样)
3)asiswell-known(众所周知)
4)aswehadexpected(正如我们所预料的那样)
5)asoftenhappens(正如经常发生的那样)
6)ashasbeensaidbefore(如上所述)
D.thesame…as和thesame…that
thesame…as指“同类”;
thesamethat指“同一样”。
试比较:
1)ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.
2)ThisisthesamebagthatIlostyesterday.
句1:
与我昨天丢的包是同样的;
句2;
就是我昨天丢的那个包(=ThisistheverybagthatIlostyesterday.)
.but作关系代词
but有时用在否定结构后,相当于who/that…not的意思。
InChinathereisnoonebutknowsLeiFeng.(=…thereisnoonewhodoesnotknow
LeiFeng.)
Thereisnorulebuthassomeexceptions.(=Thereisnorulethatdoesnothavesome
exceptions.)
巩固训练
单项选择:
1.TheSwededidnotunderstandthequestions______wereaskedinFrench.
A.whereB.whoC.inwhichD.which
2.Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark______youhaveanyquestions.
A.atwhichB.atwhereC.theplacewhereD.where
3.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything_______hehadstolentothepolice.
A.afterB.whatC.whateverD.that
4.Wasitinthispalace_______thelastemperordied?
A.thatB.inwhichC.inwhereD.which
5.Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwe________.
A.wouldhaveB.havehadC.hadneverhadD.hadeverha
6.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone_______familywaspoor.
A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose
7.All______isneededisasupplyofoil.
A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which
8.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof_______hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.
A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which
9.Didyoushowthemaroundtheroom________PremierZhouonceworkeda
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