Investigation of an autonomous hybrid solar thermal ORCPV RO desalination system The Chalki islanWord文档格式.docx
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Investigation of an autonomous hybrid solar thermal ORCPV RO desalination system The Chalki islanWord文档格式.docx
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Abstract
Interestintheapplicationofengineeringmethodstoproblemsincongenitalheartdiseasehasgainedincreasedpopularityoverthepastdecade.Theuseofcomputationalsimulationtoexaminecommonclinicalproblemsincludingsingleventriclephysiologyandtheassociatedsurgicalapproaches,theeffectsofpacemakerimplantationonvascularocclusion,ordelineationofthebiomechanicaleffectsofimplantedmedicaldevicesisnowroutinelyappearinginclinicaljournalswithinallpediatriccardiovascularsubspecialties.Inpractice,suchcollaborationcanonlyworkifbothcommunitiesunderstandeachother'
smethodsandtheirlimitations.Thispaperisintendedtofacilitatethiscommunicationbypresentinginthecontextofcongenitalheartdisease(CHD)themainstepsinvolvedinperformingcomputationalsimulation—fromtheselectionofanappropriateclinicalquestion/problemtounderstandingthecomputationalresults,andallofthe“blackboxes”inbetween.
Weexaminethecurrentstateoftheartandareasinneedofcontinueddevelopment.Forexample,medicalimage-basedmodel-buildingsoftwarehasbeendevelopedbasedonnumerousdifferentmethods.However,noneofthemcanbeusedtoconstructamodelwithasimple“clickofabutton.”Thecreationofafaithful,representativeanatomicmodel,especiallyinpediatricsubjects,oftenrequiresskilledmanualintervention.Inaddition,informationfromasecondimagingmodalityisoftenrequiredtofacilitatethisprocess.Wedescribethetechnicalaspectsofmodelbuilding,provideadefinitionofsomeofthemostcommonlyusedtermsandtechniques(e.g.meshes,meshconvergence,Navier-Stokesequations,andboundaryconditions),andtheassumptionsusedinrunningthesimulations.Particularattentionispaidtotheassignmentofboundaryconditionsasthispointisofcriticalimportanceinthecurrentareasofresearchwithintherealmofcongenitalheartdisease.Finally,examplesareprovideddemonstratinghowcomputersimulationscanprovideanopportunityto“acquire”datacurrentlyunobtainablebyothermodalities,withessentiallynorisktopatients.
Toillustratethesepoints,novelsimulationexamplesofvirtualFontanconversion(frompreoperativedatatopredictedpostoperativestate)andoutcomesofdifferentsurgicaldesignsarepresented.Theneedforvalidationofthecurrentlyemployedtechniquesandpredictedresultsarerequiredandthemethodsremainintheirinfancy.Whilethedailyapplicationofthesetechnologiestopatient-specificclinicalscenarioslikelyremainsyearsaway,theeverincreasinginterestinthisareaamongbothcliniciansandengineersmakesitseventualusefarmorelikelythaneverbeforeand,somecouldargue,onlyamatterof[computing]time.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Generalprocessfromclinicalinputtocomputersimulationresults
2.1.Selectionofaclinicalcase
2.2.Fromimagingdatatogeometricfilesreadablebyanumericalsolver
2.3.“Runningsimulations”:
frompreprocessingtounderstandableresults
3.Boundaryconditions:
asensitivelinktoclinicaldata
3.1.Whatisaboundaryconditionandwhereshoulditbeplaced?
3.2.Whyareproperboundaryconditionsneeded?
3.3.Howtoincorporateclinicaldatainboundaryconditions?
3.3.1.Inletboundaryconditions
3.3.2.Outletboundaryconditions
3.3.3.Couplingofthemodelwiththeentirecirculation
3.3.4.Numericalchallenges
4.Stepstowardspredictivemodeling
4.1.Validationoftheresultswithclinicaldata
4.2.AnexampleofvirtualFontanconversion:
frompreoperativedatatopredictedpostoperativestate
4.3.Predictingtheoutcomeofdifferentsurgicaldesigns
5.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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InoculationAgainstFalls:
RapidAdaptationbyYoungandOlderAdultstoSlipsDuringDailyActivities
ArchivesofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation,Volume91,Issue3,March2010,Pages452-459
Yi-ChungPai,TanviBhatt,EdwardWang,DeborahEspy,MichaelJ.Pavol
PaiY-C,BhattT,WangE,EspyD,PavolMJ.Inoculationagainstfalls:
rapidadaptationbyyoungandolderadultstoslipsduringdailyactivities.
Objective
Todeterminewhetheragingdiminishesone'
sabilitytorapidlylearntoresistfallsonrepeated-slipexposureacrossdifferentactivitiesofdailyliving.
Design
Quasi-experimentalcontrolledtrial.
Setting
Twouniversity-basedresearchlaboratories.
Participants
Young(n=35)andolder(n=38)adultsunderwentslipsduringwalking.Young(n=60)andolder(n=41)adultsunderwentslipsduringasit-to-standtask.All(N=174)werehealthyandcommunitydwelling.
Intervention
Low-frictionplatformsinducedunannouncedblocksof2to8repeatedslipsinterspersedwithblocksof3to5nonsliptrialsduringthedesignatedtask.
MainOutcomeMeasures
Theincidenceoffallsandbalanceloss.Dynamicstability(basedoncenterofmasspositionandvelocity)andlimbsupport(basedonhipheight)300msaftersliponset.
Results
Understrictlycontrolled,identicallow-frictionconditions,allparticipantsexperiencedbalanceloss,butolderadultswereovertwiceaslikelyasyoungtofallonthefirst,unannounced,novelslipinbothtasks.Independentofageortask,participantsadaptedtoavoidfallsandbalanceloss,withmostadaptationoccurringinearlytrials.Bythefifthslip,theincidenceoffallsandbalancelosswaslessthan5%and15%,respectively,regardlessofageortask.Reductionsinfallsandbalancelossforeachtaskwereaccomplishedthroughimprovedcontrolofstabilityandlimbsupportinbothagegroups.Arapidlyreversibleage-andtask-dependentwaningofmotorlearningoccurredafterablockofnonsliptrials.Adaptationtowalkslipsreachedasteadystateinthesecondslipblockregardlessofage.
Conclusions
Theabilitytorapidlyacquirefall-resistingskillsonrepeated-slipexposureremainslargelyintactatolderagesandacrossfunctionalactivities.Thus,repeated-slipexposuremightbebroadlyeffectiveininoculatingolderadultsagainstfalls.
Methods
ExperimentalSetups
ExperimentalProtocol
DataCollectionandAnalysis
Statistics
Results
InitialAdaptation
WaningandRelearning
Discussion
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Asecuremediastreamingmechanismcombiningencryption,authentication,andtranscoding
SignalProcessing:
ImageCommunication,Volume24,Issue10,November2009,Pages825-833
LuntianMou,TiejunHuang,LongsheHuo,WeipingLi,WenGao,XilinChen
TechnologyadvancementsareallowingmoreandmorenewmediaapplicationsandservicestobedeliveredovertheInternet.Manyoftheseapplicationsandservicesrequireflexibilityinmediadistributionaswellassecurityinprotectingtheconfidentialityofmediacontentandensuringitsauthenticity.However,achievingflexibilityandachievingsecurityareconventionallyconflictingwitheachother.Thisismainlybecausethatsecurityistraditionallyimplementedinamedia-unawaremannerthatnaturallypreventsflexiblehandlingofthemediacontentduringitsdistribution.Thispapershowsthatthetwogoalscanbesimultaneouslyaccomplishedbymakinganoverallplanandtakingintoconsiderationallthefactors:
coding,encryption,packetization,authentication,andtranscoding.Itemphasizessenderauthentication,whichisabigsecurityissueformediastreaming,butsomehowleftunresolved.Weproposeasecuremediastreamingmechanismwhichsupportsmedia-awareencryption,senderauthenticationandsecuretranscoding.MultimediaApplicationRoutingServer(MARS)isespeciallyusedasanintelligentmid-networkproxywiththeabilitytoperformtasksofsenderauthenticationandsecuretranscoding.AprototypesystemforsecurelystreamingAVSmediausingMARSdemonstratestheperformance,thusprovesthepracticalityoftheproposedsecuremediastreamingmechanism.
2.Relatedworks
2.1.Adaptivestreaming
2.2.Securestreaming
2.3.Secureandadaptivestreaming
3.Asecuremediastreamingmechanism
4.MARSP2P:
asecuremediastreamingsystemforAVS
5.Experimentalresults
6.Conclusionsandfuturework
504
Aruralhydrogentransportationtestbed
InternationalJournalofHydrogenEnergy,Volume34,Issue14,July2009,Pages6000-6004
JohnW.Sheffield,UmitO.Koylu
TheMissouriUniversityScienceandTechnology(MissouriS&
T),throughahydrogeninternalcombustionenginevehicleevaluationparticipationagreementwiththeFordMotorCompany,isintheprocessofestablishingacommuter
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