《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版上)PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版上)PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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tendencytolookuponthebrightsideofthings;
confidenceinsuccess乐观;
乐观主义pessimismn.tendencytobelievethattheworstthingismostlikelytohappen,thateverythingisessentiallyevil悲观;
悲观主义depressionn.beingsad;
lowspirit沮丧,抑郁,Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston,itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.,psychologistn.心理学家,研究心理学者,3Yourabilitiescount,explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,thatsbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.,inpart:
tosomeextent在某种程度上,4Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.,metropolitanadj.oforinacapitalcity大城市的,大都会的,首府的,5Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.,6Howdidtheydoit?
Thesecrettoanoptimistssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.Imnogoodatthis,hesays,Ialwaysfail.Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.,loopholen.wayofescapefromcontrol,esp.oneprovidedbycarelessandinexactwordingofarule(因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的)漏洞connectionn.joiningorbeingjoined;
pointwheretwothings连接;
连接点;
连接物,Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.,creditn.honour,approval,goodnameorreputation荣誉;
赞许;
好名声fluken.somethingresultingfromafortunateaccident;
luckystroke侥幸的结果;
侥幸,7CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,Icantdothis.Optimiststoldthemselves,Ineedtotryadifferentapproach.8Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydontbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.,donatev.give(egmoney)toacharity,etc.;
contribute捐赠;
赠送prophecyn.poweroftellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture;
statementthattellswhatwillhappen预言能力;
预言,9Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefatesplaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesntseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.,litmusn.bluecolouring-matterthatisturnedredbyacidandthenrestoredbyalkali;
materialstainedwithlitmususedasatestforacidsandalkalis石蕊;
试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸playthingn.toy;
(fig.)somebodytreatedasameretoy玩具;
(喻)被玩弄取乐的人;
玩物,10Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustifyandsometimesthatswhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.,breastn.eitherofthemilk-producingpartsofawoman;
chest;
upperfrontpartofthehumanbody乳房;
胸膛;
胸部recureorhappenagain;
berepeated再来;
再发生;
重复,11Optimismwontcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseaseshypertension,diabetes,heartailmentsamongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.,hypertensionn.highbloodpressure高血压diabetesn.diseaseofthepancreasinwhichsugarandstarchyfoodscannotbeproperlyabsorbed糖尿病ailmentn.illness疾病,12Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimistsfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebodysnaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesnttakegoodcareofhimself.,underminev.weakenatthebase;
weakengradually使从基础损坏;
逐渐削弱或损坏immuneadj.exemptfromorprotectedagainstsomethingdisagreeableorharmful;
notsusceptibletosomespecifieddiseasebecauseofthepresenceofthespecificantibodies免除的;
安全的;
免疫的,Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelifesblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood,avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.,dodgev.movequicklytooneside,changepositionordirection,inordertoescapeoravoidsomething;
avoid(duties,etc.)bycunningortrickery躲闪,躲避,逃避misfortunen.badluck;
unfortunateaccidentorhappening不幸;
灾祸;
不幸事故munchv.chewwithmuchmovementofthejaw用力咀嚼;
大声咀嚼junkn.old,discardedthingsoflittleornovalue破烂物,13Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearned“atyourmothersknee”,saysSeligman.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragements,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany“donts”andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearfulandpessimistic.,cautionn.warningwords;
takingcare;
payingattention(toavoiddangerormakingmistakes)警告;
小心;
谨慎,14Astheygrow,childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs,suchaslearningtotieshoelaces.Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol,andthatbreedsoptimism.,triumphn.(joyorsatisfactionata)successorvictory成功;
胜利;
成功或胜利的喜悦shoelacen.cordforfasteningtheedgesofashoesuppers鞋带,15Pessimismisahardhabittobreakbutitcanbedone.Inaseriesoflandmarkstudies,Dr.CarolDweckoftheUniversityofIllinoishasbeenworkingwithchildrenintheearlygradesofschool.,landmarkn.objectthatmarkstheboundaryofapieceofland;
(fig.)event,discovery,change,etc.thatmarksastageorturning-point界标;
(喻)划时代的大事、发现等;
里程碑workwith(someone):
spendtimeandefforttryingtohelp(someone)insomeway对(某人)做工作以帮助,AsshehelpsflounderingstudentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailuresfromImustbedumbtoIdidntstudyhardenough“theiracademicperformanceimproves.,flounderv.makeviolentandusuallyvainefforts(aswhenoneisindeepwaterandunabletoswim);
(fig.)hesitate,makemistakes,whentryingtodosomething挣扎;
(喻)踌躇或胡乱地做事dumbadj.unabletospeak;
(UScolloquial)stupid;
dull哑的;
(美口)笨的;
愚蠢的,16PittsburghsDr.Levywonderedifturningpatientsintooptimistswouldlengthentheirlives.Inapilotstudy,twogroupsofcolon-cancerpatientsweregiventhesamemedicaltreatment,butsomewerealsogivenpsychologicalhelptoencourageoptimism.Resultsshowedthatthisworked.Nowamajorstudyisplannedtodeterminewhetherthispsychologicalchangecanalterthecourseofthedisease.,colonn.lowerandgreaterpartofthelargeintestine结肠psychologicaladj.ofthemind;
mental心理的,17So,ifyoureapessimist,theresreasonforoptimism.Youcanchange.Hereshow,saysSteveHollon,apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity:
181.Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind,uneditedanduncensored.,censorv.examinebooks,periodicals,films,etc.tocutoutanythingregardedasimmoralorinotherwaysundesirable检查并删剪(书刊、电影等)被认为不当的部分,192.Nowtryanexperiment.Dosomethingthatscontrarytoanynegativereactions.Letssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork.Doyouthink,Ihatemyjob,butIcouldnevergetabetterone?
Actasifthatwerentso.Sendoutresums.Gotointerviews.Lookintotrainingandcheckjobleads.,203.Keeptrackofwhathappens.Wereyourfirstthoughtsrightorwrong?
Ifyourthoughtsareholdingyouback,changethem,saysHollon.Itstrialanderror,noguarantees,butgiveyourselfachance.,21Positivethinkingleadstopositiveaction,andreaction.Whatyouexpectfromtheworld,theevidencesuggests,iswhatyourelikelytoget.,Exercises,.Comprehension,.Vocabulary,.Cloze,.Translation(EnglishtoChinese),.Translation(ChinesetoEnglish),.Writing,.Comprehension,AnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternativeA,B,CorDundereach.Youareallowed2minutes30secondsforthispart.,1.Thosepeoplewhokeeptheireyeuponthedoughnutratherthanonthehole_.areconsideredpositive-thinkersb
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