1、tendency to look upon the bright side of things;confidence in success乐观；乐观主义 pessimism n.tendency to believe that the worst thing is most likely to happen,that everything is essentially evil悲观；悲观主义 depression n.being sad;low spirit沮丧，抑郁,If we could teach people to think more positively,says psycholo
2、gist Craig A.Anderson of Rice University in Houston，it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.,psychologist n.心理学家，研究心理学者,3 Your abilities count,explains psychologist Michael F.Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,but the belief that you can succeed affects whether o
3、r not you will.In part,thats because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.,in part:to some extent在某种程度上,4 Take,for example,your job.In a major study,psychologist Martin E.P.Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Sch
4、ulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers.Of newly hired representatives,optimists sold 20-percent more.,metropolitan adj.of or in a cap
5、ital city大城市的，大都会的，首府的,5 Impressed,the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism.These people,who might never have been hired,sold 10 percent more insurance than did the average representative.,6 How did they do it?The secret to an optimists s
6、uccess,according to Seligman,is in his explanatory style.When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself.Im no good at this,he says,I always fail.The optimist looks for loopholes.He blames the weather,the phone connection,even the other person.,loophole n.way of escape from control,esp.one
7、 provided by careless and inexact wording of a rule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞connection n.joining or being joined;point where two things 连接；连接点；连接物,That customer was in a bad mood,he thinks.When things go right,the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.,credit n.honour,approval,go
8、od name or reputation荣誉；赞许；好名声fluke n.something resulting from a fortunate accident;lucky stroke侥幸的结果；侥幸,7 Craig Anderson had a group of students phone strangers and ask them to donate blood to the Red Cross.When they failed on the first call or two,pessimists said,I cant do this.Optimists told them
9、selves,I need to try a different approach.8 Negative or positive,it was a self-fulfilling prophecy.If people feel hopeless,says Anderson,they dont bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.,donate v.give（eg money）to a charity,etc.;contribute捐赠；赠送prophecy n.power of telling what will happen i
10、n the future;statement that tells what will happen预言能力；预言,9 A sense of control,according to Anderson,is the litmus test for success.The optimist feels in control of his own life.If things are going badly,he acts quickly,looking for solutions,forming a new plan of action,and reaching out for advice.T
11、he pessimist feels like fates plaything and moves slowly.He doesnt seek advice,since he assumes nothing can be done.,litmus n.blue colouring-matter that is turned red by acid and then restored by alkali;material stained with litmus used as a test for acids and alkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸plaything n.toy;（f
12、ig.）somebody treated as a mere toy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物,10 Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justifyand sometimes thats what keeps them alive.Dr.Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer.For the women who were generally optimistic,ther
13、e was a longer disease-free interval,the best predictor of survival.In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer,Dr.Levy found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.,breast n.either of the milk-producing parts of a woman;chest;upper front part of the human body乳房；胸膛；胸部re
14、cur e or happen again;be repeated再来；再发生；重复,11 Optimism wont cure the incurable,but it may prevent illness.In a long term study,researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates,all of whom were in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition.Yet some were positi
15、ve thinkers,and some negative.Twenty years later,there were more middle-age diseaseshypertension,diabetes,heart ailments among the pessimists than the optimists.,hypertension n.high blood pressure高血压diabetes n.disease of the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed糖尿病ail
16、ment n.illness疾病,12 Many studies suggest that the pessimists feeling of helplessness undermines the bodys natural defenses,the immune system.Dr.Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan has found that the pessimist doesnt take good care of himself.,undermine v.weaken at the base;weaken grad
17、ually使从基础损坏；逐渐削弱或损坏immune adj.exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful;not susceptible to some specified disease because of the presence of the specific antibodies免除的；安全的；免疫的,Feeling passive and unable to dodge lifes blows,he expects ill health and other misfortunes,no matt
18、er what he does.He munches on junk food，avoids exercise,ignores the doctor,has another drink.,dodge v.move quickly to one side,change position or direction,in order to escape or avoid something;avoid（duties,etc.）by cunning or trickery躲闪，躲避，逃避misfortune n.bad luck;unfortunate accident or happening不幸；
19、灾祸；不幸事故munch v.chew with much movement of the jaw用力咀嚼；大声咀嚼junk n.old,discarded things of little or no value 破烂物,13 Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism,but are inclined in one direction or the other.It is a pattern of thinking learned“at your mothers knee”，says Seligman.It grows out of th
20、ousands of cautions or encouragements,negative statements or positive ones.Too many“donts”and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent,fearfuland pessimistic.,caution n.warning words;taking care;paying attention（to avoid danger or making mistakes）警告；小心；谨慎,14 As they grow,children experie
21、nce small triumphs,such as learning to tie shoelaces.Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control,and that breeds optimism.,triumph n.（joy or satisfaction at a）success or victory 成功；胜利；成功或胜利的喜悦shoelace n.cord for fastening the edges of a shoes uppers 鞋带,15 Pessimism is a hard habit
22、to breakbut it can be done.In a series of landmark studies,Dr.Carol Dweck of the University of Illinois has been working with children in the early grades of school.,landmark n.object that marks the boundary of a piece of land;（fig.）event,discovery,change,etc.that marks a stage or turning-point界标；（喻
23、）划时代的大事、发现等；里程碑work with（someone）:spend time and effort trying to help（someone）in some way对（某人）做工作以帮助,As she helps floundering students to change the explanations for their failuresfrom I must be dumb to I didnt study hard enough“their academic performance improves.,flounder v.make violent and usual
24、ly vain efforts（as when one is in deep water and unable to swim）;（fig.）hesitate,make mistakes,when trying to do something挣扎；（喻）踌躇或胡乱地做事dumb adj.unable to speak;（US colloquial）stupid;dull哑的；（美口）笨的；愚蠢的,16 Pittsburghs Dr.Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives.In a p
25、ilot study,two groups of colon-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment,but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism.Results showed that this worked.Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease.,colo
26、n n.lower and greater part of the large intestine结肠psychological adj.of the mind;mental心理的,17 So,if youre a pessimist,theres reason for optimism.You can change.Heres how,says Steve Hollon,a psychologist at Vanderbilt University:18 1.Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen.Write
27、 down the first thing that comes to mind,unedited and uncensored.,censor v.examine books,periodicals,films,etc.to cut out anything regarded as immoral or in other ways undesirable检查并删剪（书刊、电影等）被认为不当的部分,19 2.Now try an experiment.Do something thats contrary to any negative reactions.Lets say something
28、 has gone wrong at work.Do you think,I hate my job,but I could never get a better one?Act as if that werent so.Send out resums.Go to interviews.Look into training and check job leads.,20 3.Keep track of what happens.Were your first thoughts right or wrong?If your thoughts are holding you back,change
29、 them,says Hollon.Its trial and error,no guarantees,but give yourself a chance.,21 Positive thinking leads to positive action,and reaction.What you expect from the world,the evidence suggests,is what youre likely to get.,Exercises,.Comprehension,.Vocabulary,.Cloze,.Translation（English to Chinese）,.T
30、ranslation（Chinese to English）,.Writing,.Comprehension,Answer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A,B,C or D under each.You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.,1.Those people who keep their eye upon the doughnut rather than on the hole _.are considered positive-thinkers b
