高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编.docx
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高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编.docx
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高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编
高中化学有机物的性质实验汇编(Compilationofexperimentsonthepropertiesoforganiccompoundsinhighschoolchemistry)
Compilationofexperimentsonthepropertiesoforganiccompoundsinhighschoolchemistry
Experimentofphysicalproperty
1.thereareonlytwoexperimentsinvolvingphysicalpropertiesoforganicsubstancesincurrentchemistrytextbooksinmiddleschools:
(1)fractionationofpetroleum
Experiment:
assembleadistillationdevice,100mLoilintothedistillationflask,addafewpiecesofbrokentilestopreventoilbumping.Then,thefractionsof60DEGCto150Cand150to300DEGCwerecollectedrespectively.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
petroleumisamixtureofhydrocarbonswithnofixedboilingpoint.Whenheatedtooil,thelowboilinghydrocarbonsaregasifiedfirstandseparatedbydistillation.Asthetemperaturerises,thehighboilingpointhydrocarbonsareredistilledandseparatedafterdistillation.Thefractioncollectedat60degreesCto150Cisgasoline,andthefractionat150to300DEGCiskerosene.
(2)proteinsaltingout;
Experiment:
inatesttubecontainingchickenproteinsolution,slowlyaddsaturated(NH4)2SO4orNa2SO4solutiontoobservethephenomenon.Then,asmallamountofliquidwithprecipitationisaddedtoatesttubecontainingdistilledwatertoseeiftheprecipitateisdissolved.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
precipitationofprecipitation,precipitationofprecipitationcanbedissolvedinwater.Byaddingcertainstronginorganicsaltstotheproteinsolution,thesolubilityoftheproteindecreasesandtheproteincondensesout.Thisactioniscalledsaltingout.Saltingoutisareversibleprocess.
2.,thephysicalpropertiesoforganiccompoundsalsoshowsomeregularity,nowsummarizedasfollows:
(1)color:
mostoftheorganicsubstancesarecolorless,onlyafewsubstanceshavecolor.Theproductsofoxidation,suchasphenol,arepink.
(2)state:
thenumberofcarbonatomsinthemoleculeisnotmorethan4ofthehydrocarbons(alkanes,alkenesandalkynes),hydrocarbonderivativesofmethylchloride,gaseousformaldehyde,benzene,gasoline,kerosene,toluene,ethanol,aceticacid,ethylacetateandotherliquid,mostpolymeratroomtemperatureissolidstate.
(3)smell:
alotoforganicchemistryinvolvedincertainodors,suchasbenzenehasaspecialsmell,bitteralmondflavorofnitrobenzene,formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,aceticacidwithpungentaromatic,ethylacetate.
(4)density:
therelativemolecularmassofgaseousorganicmatterisgreaterthan29,densitythanair;organicliquiddensityissmallerthanwaterwithhydrocarbons(alkanes,alkenes,alkynesandaromatichydrocarbon),lowester,chlorinatedhydrocarbons,alcoholandacetaldehyde;greaterdensitythanwaterwithnitrobenzeneandbromobenzenefour,carbontetrachloride,chloroform,alkylbromide,ethyleneglycol,glyceroletc..Therelativedensityofhydrocarbonssuchasalkanes,alkenesandalkynesincreaseswiththeincreaseofthenumberofcarbonatomsinthemolecule,whiletherelativedensityofalkyldecreaseswiththeincreaseofthenumberofcarbonatoms.
(5):
watersolublemisciblewithwateratanyratioandsolubleinwater,ethanol,acetaldehyde,aceticacid,ethyleneglycol,glycerol,phenol,formaldehyde(65DEGC)andglucose;insolubleinwaterwithhydrocarbons(alkanes,alkenes,alkynes,aromatichydrocarbons,halogenatedhydrocarbons,senior)fattyacid,nitrobenzene,bromo.Thewatersolubilityofalcohols,aldehydes,carboxylicacidsandotherorganiccompoundsgraduallydecreaseswiththeincreaseofthenumberofcarbonatomsinthemolecule.
Two、chemicalpropertyexperiment
1.methane
(1)methanepassesintoKMnO4acidicsolution
Experiment:
themethanewaspassedintoatesttubecontainingKMnO4acidsolutiontoseeiftherewereanychangesinthepurplesolution
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
thecolorofthesolutionhasnotchanged.ItshowsthatmethanedoesnotreactwithKMnO4acidicsolution,whichfurthershowsthatmethaneisrelativelystable.
(2)substitutionreactionofmethane;
Alotofexperiments:
a100mLcylinder,withrowsofsaturatedsaltwaterhascollected20mLCH4and80mLCl2,onabrightplace(Note:
donotplaceindirectsunlight,soasnottocausetheexplosion),waitingforthemoment,andobservethephenomenon.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
About3min,canbeobservedinthecylinderwallontheoildroplet,thecylindersaturatedsaltwaterlevelrise.Thehybridgascylinderofthechemicalreactionsoccurinthelight;oildropletappearedonthecylinder,thatgeneratesnewoilysubstance;thecylinderliquidlevelrise,asthereactionproceeds,thepressureinthecylinderdecreases,thetotalvolumeofgasin.
2.ethylene
(1)combustionofethylene
Experiment:
Ignitepureethylene.Observethephenomenonofethylenecombustion.
Phenomenonandexplanation:
ethyleneburnsintheairandhasabrightflameaccompaniedbyblacksmoke.Themassfractionofcarboninethyleneishigh,andblacksmokeoccurswhenburning.
(2)ethylenemakesKMnO4acidsolutionfade
Experiment:
passethyleneintoatesttubecontainingKMnO4acidsolution,andobservethechangeofthecolorofthesolutioninthetesttube.
Phenomenonandexplanation:
thepurplefadingofKMnO4acidsolutionindicatesthatethylenecanbeoxidizedbyoxidantKMnO4,anditschemicalpropertyismoreactivethanalkane.
(3)ethylenemakesthebrominecarbontetrachloridesolutionfade
Experiment:
theethylenewaspassedintothetesttubecontainingbrominecarbontetrachloridesolution,andthechangeofthecolorofthesolutioninthetesttubewasobserved.
Phenomenonandexplanation:
theredbrownofbrominefades,indicatingthatethylenereactswithbromine.
3.acetylene
(1)ignitepureacetylene
Experiment:
Ignitepureacetylene.Observethephenomenonofacetyleneburning.
Phenomenonandexplanation:
whenacetyleneburns,theflameisbrightandaccompaniedbystrongblacksmoke.Thisisbecausethecarboncontentofacetyleneishigherthanthatofethyleneandthatthecarbonisnotcompletelyburned.
(2)acetylenemakesKMnO4acidsolutionfade
Experiment:
pureacetylenewaspassedintothetesttubecontainingKMnO4acidsolution,andthechangeofthecolorofthesolutioninthetesttubewasobserved.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
thepurplefadingofKMnO4acidsolutionindicatesthatacetylenereactswithKMnO4acidsolution.
(3)acetylenemakesthebrominecarbontetrachloridesolutionfade
Experiment:
thepureacetylenethroughcarbontetrachloridesolutionfilledYoushenghavingbrominetube,thecolorofthesolutionchangesobservedinthetesttube.
Phenomenonandexplanation:
theredbrownofbromineisremoved,indicatingthatacetylenecanreactwithbromine.
4.homologuesofbenzeneandbenzene
Experiments:
benzene,tolueneandxylenewereinjectedintoeachof32mLtubes,eachwith3dropsofKMnO4acidicsolution,oscillatingvigorously,andobservingthecolorchangeofthesolution.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
benzenecannotmakeKMnO4acidsolutionfaded,suggeststhatthereisnocarboncarbondoublebondorcarboncarbontriplebondinamoleculeofbenzene.TolueneandxylenecanmaketheKMnO4acidicsolutionfade.BenzeneindicatesthattolueneandxylenecanbeoxidizedbyKMnO4.
5.halogenatedhydrocarbons
(1)thehydrolysisreactionofethylbromide
Experiment:
takeatesttube,10drops15dropsofbromoethane,thenadd1mL5%NaOHsolution,oscillation,fullystatic,liquidtobelayeredafterinhalation10dropsofupperwatersolutionwithadropper,tocontain10mLdilutenitricacidsolutioninthetube,thenadd2drops3drops2%AgNO3solution,observethereactionphenomenon.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
seethepaleyellowprecipitateinthereaction,theprecipitationisAgBr,indicatingtheformationofBrbromoethanehydrolysis-.
(2)1,twochloride-eliminationreaction
Theentryof2mL1invitro,ethanolsolutionof2-twochlorineethaneand5mL10%NaOH.Addafewpiecesofporcelaintothetube.Addingasmallamountofbromineinaseparatetube.Withamixtureofwaterbathheatinginthetube(becarefulnottoboilwaterforheating),afteraperiodoftime,thegeneratedgasintowater,observewhathappens.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
thegeneratedgascanmakethewaterfade,indicatingthatthereactiongeneratesunsaturatedorganiccompounds.
6.ethanol
(1)thereactionbetweenethanolandsodiummetal
Experiment:
about2mLinjectionofanhydrousethanolinthetesttube,add2sodiummetalfilterdrysmallincision,quicklywithasingleholewithaSaisaitubelivetube,asmalltubebuckleonthecatheter,releasethegascollectionandinspectionofpurereaction.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
therateofreactionbetweenethanolandmetalsodiumisslowerthanthatofwaterandsodium.ItshowsthatethanolismoredifficulttoionizeHthanwater.
(2)theeliminationreactionofethanol
Experiment:
20mLinjectionofalcoholandconcentratedsulfuricacidinaflask(volumeratio1:
3)mixture,addafewpiecesofbrokentiles.Heatingthemixturetoincreasethetemperatureoftheliquidto170degrees.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
thegeneratedgascanmakebrominetetrachloridesolutionfade,canalsomakePotassiumPermanganateacidsolution.
7.phenol
(1)phenolreactedwithNaOH
Experiment:
addinga2mLdistilledwatertoatesttubecontainingasmallamountofphenolcrystals.What'swrongwiththetesttube?
Then5%dropsofNaOHsolutionwereaddedandthetubeswereoscillating.Thechangeofthesolutioninthetesttubewasobserved.
Phenomenonandinterpretation:
phenolmixedwithwaterandtheliquidiscloudy,indicatingthatthesolubilityofphenolisnotgreat
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