语言学练习语言学教程胡壮麟主编Word格式.docx
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语言学练习语言学教程胡壮麟主编Word格式.docx
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2)同音异义词homophones:
flower----flour,dear---deer,etc.3)同形同音词perfecthomonyms:
angle---angle,bank---bank.
2.predicationanalysis(述谓分析法)(语义分析)isanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsect.Predicationistobreakdownthesentenceintotheirsmallerconstituents:
argument(logicalparticipant)andpredicate(relationelement).Thepredicateisthemajororpivotalelementgoverningtheargument.(instance)
3tenorofdiscourse(话语意旨)The“tenorofdiscourse”isaboutthevariationrelatingto,orresultingfrom,whattheuseristryingtodowithlanguage,suchasteaching,persuading,advertising,instructing,etc.Thegenericsituationofadiscourseisoftendeterminedintermsoftenorofdiscourse.Forexample,anadvertisementisbydefinitionanattempttopersuadethroughlinguisticandvisualmeans,andasermonisdesignedtoexhortandteach.
4.Arbitrariness任意性:
referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignshavenonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thereisnologicconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/(1.3.1)
5.Performance(语言运用):
thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.(1.9.4)Aspeaker’slanguageperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.(nervousness,)
6.Dysphonia(语言障碍)isthemedicaltermfordisordersofthevoice:
animpairmentintheabilitytoproducevoicesoundsusingthevocalorgansThus,dysphoniaisaphonation(发声)disorder.Thedysphonicvoicecanbehoarseorweak,orexcessivelybreathy,harsh,orrough,butsomekindofphonationisstillpossible(contrastedwiththemoresevereaphoniawherephonationisimpossible).
7.ReceivedPronunciation(标准发音P34)isawayofpronouncingBritishEnglishthatisoftenusedasastandardintheTeachingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage.TheabbreviationRPisalsoused.(ManypeoplealsocallitBBCEnglish,OxfordEnglish.ItisalsowidelyusedinpublicschoolsandspokenbymostnewsreadersoftheBBCnetwork.)
8.endocentricconstruction(向心结构):
isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinableCENTREorHEAD.(4.2.3.1)usually,nounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypes.Suchasthesetwooldstonebridges,willbeleaving,verylate.
9.Homogram(同形异义异源词)awordwhichhasthesamespellingasanotherbutdifferentmeaning,derivation,orpronunciation.Sameas"
homograph"
.'
Bow'
meaningthefrontofaship,'
bow'
meaningaloopmadeinastringorribbonand'
meaningadeviceusedtoshootarrowsareallhomograms.
10.mannerofdiscourse(话语方式):
isthelinguisticreflectionoftherelationshipbetweenthelanguageuserandthemediumoftransmission.Languageiseitherspokenorwritten.Spokenlanguagemaybespontaneousorprepared,andwrittenlanguagemaybespokenortoberead.
11.Allophone音位变体:
variantsofthesamephoneme.Iftwoormorephoneticallydifferentsoundsdonotmakeacontrastinmeaning,theyaresaidtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Tobeallophones,theymustbeincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.Ex.inthewords/pit//tip//spit/,thedifferent/p/’saretheallophonesofthesamephoneme/p/.
12.designfeature结构特征:
thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguageofanimals.(Therearearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.)
13.Synchronic共时性:
synchronicstudyisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime,usuallybutnotnecessarilythepresent,(asifitstoppeddeveloping).Forexample,anessayentitled“OntheUseofTHE”maybesynchroniciftheauthordoesnotrecallthepastofTHE.
14.Diachronic历时性:
saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.(Diachronicstudyisthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.)forexample,theessay“OntheUseofTHE”maybediachroniciftheauthorclaimstocoveralargerangeorperiodoftimewhereinTHEhasundergonetremendousalteration
15.competence语言能力:
AccordingtoN.Chomsky,“competence”istheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentenceamtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.
16.Performance语用能力:
thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.Speaker’sperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.
17.Langue语言:
F.deSaussurerefers“langue”totheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic.
18.Parole言语:
F.deSaussurerefers“parole”totheactuallanguage,ortherealizationoflangue.Paroleisspecifictothespeakingsituation,anditisanaturallyoccurringevent.ForSaussure,paroleisamassofconfusingfacts,thusnotsuitedforsystematicinvestigation.
19.Phonology音系学:
thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.
20Consonant辅音:
amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction,
21.Vowel元音:
amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.
22.distinctivefeatures区别特征:
ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sandthendevelopedbynumerousotherpeople.
23.IPA国际音标:
asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.ItwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetaspossible,usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin2005,seep.28.
24.morpheme语素:
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Forexample,theword“tourists”containsthreemorphemes.Thereisoneminimalunitofmeaning,tour,anotherminimalunitofmeaning-ist(meaning"
personwhodoessomething"
),andaminimalunitofgrammaticalfunction-s(indicatingplural).
25.Inflection屈折变化:
isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcasestowhichtheyareattached,
26.root词根:
referstothebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutlossofidentity.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordthatisleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Intheword“internationalism”,aftertheremovalofinter-,-aland-ism,thepartleftistherootnation.
27loanword借词:
theborrowingofaprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightchange,insomecases,tothephonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.Forinstance,Englishborrowedaupair,encore,coupd'
etatandothersfromFrench,alfresco(intheopenair)fromItalian,teafromChinese,sputnikfromRussianandmoccasin(atypeofshoe)fromanAmericanIndianlanguage.
28Loanshift转移借词:
isaprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.Forexample,theItalianpontemeans"
bridge"
intheliteralsense,whenitreferstoatypeofcardgame,themeaningwasborrowedfromEnglish.
29Loanblend混合借词:
isaprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandtheresthasbeenborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.Forexample,thefirstpartsofthewordscocnutandChina-townfromSpanishandChineserespectively,butthesecondpartsareoftheEnglishorigin,
30Assimilation同化:
referstothechangeofasoundbytheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled"
contact"
or"
contiguous"
接近assimilation.Theassimilationprocessesasworkcouldbeexplainedbythe“theoryofleasteffort”;
thatis,inspeakingwetendtouseaslittleeffortsaspossiblesothatwedonotwanttovarytoooftentheplacesofarticulationinutteringasequenceofsounds.Assimilationtakesplaceinquickspeechveryoften.Forinstance,inexpressionsuchasimmoral,illegal,impolite,thenegativeprefixesim-,il-orir-shouldbein-etymologically.Sometimesassimilationmayoccurbetweentwosoundsthatarenotfarseparated.Forinstance,discussingshortly(/s/becomes/ʃ/)andconfoundit(/ə/becomes/au/).Thisiscalled"
noncontiguous"
or"
distantassimilation.”P21
31Dissimilation异化:
referstotheinfluenceofonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanther,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent,Forexample:
marbre(French)--marbleperegrinus(Latin)—pilgrim.
32category范畴:
Thetermcategoryinsomeapproachesreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Morespecifically,
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