120综合写作文本 Ped.docx
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120综合写作文本 Ped.docx
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120综合写作文本Ped
Question1
Reading
Around1130A.D.,agroupofhighlyintelligentandcreativehumanscalledtheAnasazifromNewMexico’sChacoCanyonvanishedwithoutatrace.Judgingfromavailableevidence,historianshavesuggestedthattheAnasazi’sdisappearancewasmorelikelytobecausedbyaseveresummerdrought.
Firstofall,thetimewhentheAnasaziabandonedtheirvillagecoincidedwiththebeginningofasixty-yearsummerdroughtcausedbyglobalwarming.Duringthistime,uncommonlylongheatwavessweptacrosstheworld,makingcolderregionswarmerandcausingseveredroughtsintheAmericas.ScientistsbelievethatthesummerdroughtatChacoCanyonwassoseverethattheAnasazicouldnotcopewithit.Intheend,theywereforcedtochoosebetweenstarvationormigration.
Second,atChacoCanyon,archeologistshavediscoveredirrigationsystemsincludingdiversiondamsandcanalsdirectingwatertothefields.ThepresenceofthesesystemsindicatesthattheAnasazisufferedshortagesofwater,andasacountermeasureforthecrisis,theybuiltirrigationsystemstostorewaterfordrinkingandgrowingcrops.However,thedroughtcausedbytheglobalwarmingeventuallymayhavebeensooverwhelmingthatitcompelledtheAnasazitoleave.
Finally,beforethebigsummerdrought,ChacoCanyon’snaturalspringsandfertilesoilcontributedtothetribe’spopulationgrowth.Perhaps,thetribe’spopulationhadovergrown,andthenthepeoplewereapproachingthelimitoflocalresourcesduringthesixty-yearsummerdrought.Thesubsequentfoodshortagesforcedthisancientpeopletomigratetoamorehabitablearea.ThefactthattheAnasaziabruptlyfledfromtheirdwellingandleftbehindnumerousartifactssuggeststhattheyweredisplacedbyamajornaturaldisaster.276
Listening
IthinktheevidencesupportingtheclaimthattheAnasazidisappearedbecauseofaseveredroughtisshaky.
Firstofall,theremayhavebeenaglobalwarminginthepast,andthesubsequentdroughtsthroughouttheworldaffecteddifferentplaces,buttheglobalwarmingdidnotaffectareaswheretheAnasazilived.TheevidencesuggeststhatsometreeshaveexistedatChacoCanyonforthousandsofyears.IftherehadbeenadroughtatChacoCanyon,thesetreeswouldprobablyhavedied.
Second,thefactthatirrigationsystemssuchasdams,canalswerefoundinplaceswheretheAnasaziliveddoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthisprehistorictribesufferedseveredroughtsandabandonedtheirhomelandasaresult.Onthecontrary,theirrigationsystemsthatexistedfor150yearswouldindicatethattheAnasaziwerefullyawareoftheirproblemsofwatershortagesandtheysomehowdevelopedthetechnologytostorewateranddivertittogrowcorn,squash,andbeansinadesert-likeland.ScientistshavefoundevidencethattheAnasaziprovidentlystoredtheircropsagainstdroughtyears,suggestingthatthisprehistoricpeopledidnotvanishbecauseofadrought.
Finally,droughtisonlyahypothesisfortheAnasazi’sdisappearance.RecentfindingsbyclimatologistssuggestthatthegreatdroughtatChacoCanyonwasnotsevereenoughtodriveanationofpeopletoabandontheirhomes.ThefactthattheAnasaziabruptlylefttheirhomesmightsuggesttheywereattackedbyanotherwarringtriberatherthanthreatenedbyadrought.Weshouldalsoconsiderothercausessuchasdiseaseoroveruseoffarmland.Insum,theevidencesofarisnotenoughtosupporttheclaimthattheAnasazivanishedsimplybecauseofaseveredrought.288
阅读文章认为Anasazi人大举逃离住所的原因如下:
第一,有证据显示当时发生全球暖化,引发的干旱促使Anasazi人逃离。
第二,考古发现的灌溉系统,可推论出当年Anasazi人遭受严重旱灾。
第三,有证据显示Anasazi人口过多,干旱期间无法养活众多人口。
教授怀疑前述论点,理由如下:
第一,当地有树木存活了数千年,若当年干旱严重,树木必定死亡,证明当年干旱没有影响。
第二,灌溉系统反而证明Anasazi人有对抗干旱的能力,所以不会因为干旱而出走。
第三,新的证据发现当年干旱不太严重,此外,Anasazi人仓促逃离,更合理的推论是遭到他族攻击或疾病侵袭。
TheprofessorcastsdoubtontheviewthattheAnasazi,aprehistorictribefromChacoCanyon,vanishedmainlybecauseofaseveredrought.
Firstofall,althoughtherewasariseintemperaturesandensuingdroughtsthroughouttheworld,theglobalwarmingdidnotaffectthehomelandoftheAnasazi.TreeshaveexistedatChacocanyonformanyyears.IftherehadbeendroughtsattheChacoCanyon,thesetreeswouldprobablyhavedied.Besides,thesetreesshownotraceofalife-threateningdrought.
Second,theexistenceofirrigationsystemsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthisplacewasplaguedbyseveredroughts.Onthecontrary,theirrigationsystemsmaysuggestthisprehistoricpeopledevelopedtheskilltosurviveinadesert-likeland.
Finally,droughtisonlyaconjecturefortheAnasazi’sdisappearance.Thereisnodirectevidencethatthegreatdroughtwassevereenoughtodriveanationofpeoplefromtheirhomes.Alternativeexplanationsincludewar,disease,andoveruseoffarmland.Inaword,itisquestionablethattheAnasazivanishedsimplybecauseofaseveredrought.178
Question2
Reading
MarcoPolo(1254-13242),aVenetiantraderandexplorer,gainedfameforhisworldwidetravelsrecordedinthebookTheTravelsofMarcoPolo.However,recentlysomescholarshaveraiseddoubtsthatMarcoPoloeventraveledtoChina.
Firstofall,foronewhowassupposedtohavelivedinChinafor17years,MarcoPoloneverpickedupanyChineseorMongolianplace-names.Infact,thenamesofthedirectionsandlocationsusedbyMarcoPoloinhisbookaboutChinacorrespondtothoseusedbythePersianhistorianRashidal-Din(1247-1317),whowasPolo’scontemporaryandoneofthemostimportantchroniclersoftheMongolperiod.SuchaglaringomissionputalargedentinMarcoPolo’scredibilityasatravelertoChina?
Second,forsomeonewhoissupposedtohavetraveledallthewaytotheinteriorofChina,thereisthecuriousomissionofanyreferencetothepopularpastimesandculturalpracticesoftheChinese?
Forinstance,MarcoPolodidnotmentiontheChineseloveofteaandtheubiquitousteahouses,whichnotravelertoChinawouldbelikelytomiss.Thisisanothermajorcauseforsuspicion?
Finally,whenwelookintotheoriginalrecordsoftheChineseandMongols,thereisnoevidencethatMarcoPoloservedatthecourtoftheMongolruler,orwasappointedtothepostofgovernorofYangZhou.Thisisanhonor,whichMarcoPoloclaimsthegreatMongolrulerbestowedonhimforthreeyears?
SoitisunlikelythatMarcoPoloactuallytraveledtoChinaandreachedthecourtofthegreatMongolrulerKublaikhan?
271
Listening
DidMarcoPoloevertraveltoChinaduringtheMongolperiodandstaytherefor17years?
SomescholarsclaimtohavefoundinconsistenciesprovingMarcoPolodidnottraveltoChina,butIdonotfindtheirargumentsconvincing.
Firstofall,itistruethatMarcoPoloneverusedanyChineseorMongolianplace-namesinhisbook,andtheplace-namesinhistravelbookarelargelyofaPersianorigin.YetitisworthrememberingthatPersianwasthemajorlanguageusedintradebetweenthetwocontinentsofAsiaandEuropeinthe13thand14thcenturies.ThereforeitwouldbeperfectlynormalforMarcoPolotoborrowChineseplace-namesfromthePersiansource.
Second,thefactthatMarcoPolofailedtoincludereferencestoteaandteahousesinChinadoesnotnecessarilydisprovethatthisVenetianeverwenttoChina.Thefactis,thecultureofteadrinkingatteahouseswaspopularmainlyinthesouthernpartofChina.Inthosedays,peopleinnorthernChinahadnotyetdevelopedaninterestinteadrinking.WhileinChina,MarcoPolostayedforthemostpartinnorthernChina.Thus,ifhefailedtomentiontea,itwouldbeunderstandable.
Finally,justbecausethenameMarcoPolowasnotfoundinpre-modernChinesedocumentsdoesnotmeanthathedidnotserveatthecourtoftheMongolruler,orthathewasnotappointedtothepostofgovernorofYangZhou.ItispossiblethatMarcoPolowasreferredtobyadifferentnamethatisunrecognizabletomodernhistorians.TheofficialrecordsoftheancientChinesecourtsometimesdidnotusepeople’srealnames.Or,perhaps,therecordsreferringtoMarcoPolomaysimplyhavebeenlost.295
阅读文章认为马可波罗根本没有到过中国,怀疑的理由如下:
第一,马可波罗在中国住了17年,他的书中没有用任何中文或蒙文的地名,用的中国地名反而是波斯历史学家所用的波斯文。
第二,马可波罗的书中没有提到中国人喝茶,以及普遍存在的茶楼。
第三,中文与蒙文的史籍没有记载马可波罗这个人。
教授不赞成前述观点,理由如下:
第一,当年波斯文是亚欧贸易主要语言,马可波罗书中用到波斯文翻译的中国地名是正常的,不足以证明他没有到过中国。
第二,当年喝茶的文化主要流行于中国南方,马可波罗主要逗留于中国北方,所以没有提到喝茶,是可以理解的。
第三,中文与蒙文的史籍没有记载马可波罗不足以证明他没有到过中国,因为中蒙文史籍可能以现代人不法辨识的名字来记载马可波罗,或者记载马可波罗的史籍遗失。
TheprofessorchallengestheviewthatMarcoPolonevertraveledtoChinabyofferingdifferentexplanationsofMarcoPolo’somissionsofcertainthingsinhistravelbook.
Firstofall,althoughtheplace-namesinMarcoPolo’stravelbookareborrowedfromPersian,itdoesnotmeanthathedidnotgotoChina.ThereasonisthatinthosetimesPersianwasthemajortradelanguagebetweenEuropeansandAsians.ThereforeitwouldbenormalforMarcoPolotoborrowChineseplace-namesfromthePersiansource.
Second,itiscorrectthatMarcoPolodidnotmentionteaandteahousesinChina,butitdoesnotnecessarilyprovethatPolodidnotgotoChina.TeawaspopularmainlyinsouthernChinaandpeopleinnorthernChinahadnotyetdevelopedaninterestinteadrinking.SinceMarcoPolostayedforthemostpartinnorthernChina,itwouldbeunderstandablethathefailedtomentiontea.
Finally,thefactthatMarcoPolowasnotfoundinpre-modernChinesedocumentsdoesnotmeanthatheneverwenttoChina.ItispossiblethatMarcoPolowasmentionedbyadifferentnamethatisnotrecognizabletomodernhistorians,or,thattherecordsthatmentionedMarcoPoloweresimplylost.209
Question3
Reading
Howdidthemoonform?
ScientistshypothesizedthatapieceofspacedebristhesizeofMarss
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