实物配送2Word文件下载.docx
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实物配送2Word文件下载.docx
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1.Thespeedisslow.
2.Affectedbytheweather
Air
£1265
£253
4hours
1.Fastspeed
2.Lowrisk
1.Hightotalcost
2.Theweightlimit
Rail
£1,275
£51
2days
2.Largetransportcapacity
3.Lowcost
4.Safety
1.Highcost
2.Inflexible
Directroad
£1350
£67.5
3days
1.Flexible
2.lowinvestment
1.highenergyconsumption
2.smalltransportcapacity
Multi-mode
£1185
£47.4
7daysand
18hours
1.flexibly
2.reducecost
3.speedupthespeedof
transportation
1.highcostofinvestment
2.thegoodsthatcanbetransportedhavecertainlimitations
Technicalreport2—Consignmentdeliveryterms
Table—Incotermsandtheirdefinition
(Thefirstrowhasbeencompletedasanexample)
Initial
Incoterm
Description
EXW
ExWorks(namedplaceofdelivery)
Thebuyerisresponsibleforunloading.Thistermplacesthemaximumobligationonthebuyerandminimumobligationsontheseller.TheExWorkstermisoftenusedwhenmakinganinitialquotationforthesaleofgoodswithoutanycostsincluded.EXWmeansthatasellerhasthegoodsreadyforcollectionathispremisesonthedateagreedupon.Thebuyerpaysalltransportationcostsandalsobearstherisksforbringingthegoodstotheirfinaldestination.Thesellerdoesn’tloadthegoodsoncollectingvehiclesanddoesn’tclearthemforexport.
FOB
FreeonBoard(namedportofshipment)
UndertheFOBcondition,thesellerassumesallthecostsandrisksuntilthegoodsareloadedonboard.Thesellermustalsoarrangetheexportclearanceprocedures.Thebuyerpaystheoceanfreight,billoflading,insurance,dischargeandtransportationchargesfromtheportofarrivaltothedestination.
FCA
FreeCarrier(named
placeofdelivery)
Atradetermrequiringthesellertodeliverthegoodstothedesignatedairport,wharforotherplacewherethecarrieroperates.Transportationcostandlossriskaretransferredtothebuyerafterdeliverytothecarrier.Theseller,whendeliveringthegoods,fulfillshisobligationtodeliverthegoods,whichisresponsibleforthebuyer'
sdesignatedcarrierattheappointedplace.
CIF
Cost,Insurance&
Freight(namedportof
destination)
Thecomponentsofthepriceincludetheusualfreightandtheagreedpremiumfromtheportofshipmenttotheportofdestination,sotheseller,inadditiontothesameobligationsasthetermsoftheCFR,alsohandlestheinsuranceforthebuyerandpaysthepremiumforthebuyer.Accordingtogeneralinternationaltradepractice,theinsuranceamountinsuredbytheSellershallbeaddedtoCIFat10%.
CPT
CarriagePaidto
(namedplaceofdestination)
Oncethegoodshavebeendeliveredtothecarrier,theriskofdamageorlossofthegoodsbeingtransportedwillbetransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Thesellerisonlyresponsibleforarrangingthegoodstothedestination,insteadofinsuringthegoodswhentransportingthegoods.Itisdesignedtomeettheneedsofmodernenterprises.
CIP
CARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO(namedplaceofdestination)
Thesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrierorthefirstcarrierandpaysthegoodstothedestination.Atthesametime,thesellermustobtaintheinsuranceofthegoodsintransit.Afterthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrier,theriskwillbepassedtothebuyer.
DAT
DeliveredAtTerminal
(namedterminalat
portorplaceof
TheIncotermnoticerequiresthesellertodischargethegoodsatthedesignateddock.Thesellertakesallthetransportationcosts(export,freight,themaincarrierunloadingandportofdestination)andassumesallrisksuntilthedestinationorthedestinationisreached.
Allexpensesafterunloading(suchasimportduties,customsduties,customsandtransportationcharges)shallbebornebythebuyer.However,itisimportanttonotethatanydelayonthepierisusuallybornebytheseller.
DAP
DeliveredatTerminal
Thismeansthatthesellertakesallthetransportationcosts,suchastheexport,freight,theunloadingofthemaincarrierfromtheportofdestinationandtheportofdestination,andmustbearalltherisksuntilthedestinationorthedestination.Theterminalcanbeaport,anairportoraninlandfreightinterchange.Importduties/taxes/customschargesaretobebornebythebuyer.Whenthebuyercontrolsthegoods,theriskispassedtothebuyer.
DDP
DeliveredDutyPaid
(namedplaceof
Thismeansthatthesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothedesignatedplaceatthebuyer'
splaceandpayingalltheexpensesforthedeliveryofthegoodstothedestination,includingimportdutiesandtaxes.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloadingthegoods.Whenthesellerdeliversthegoodsatthedesignateddestination,theriskispassedtothebuyer.Thisclauseputstheseller'
smaximumobligationsandthebuyer'
sminimumobligationstogether.
Incoterms2010istheInternationalChamberofCommerceannouncesthetermsofinternationalcontracts.Itincludes11terms,suchastheabovetable.TheseProvisionsenhancetheefficiencyofinternationaltradeandsimplifytheprocessandstage.
Table—Allocationsofcostbuyer/selleraccordingtoIncoterms2010
(Thefirstandsecondrowshavebeencompletedasexamples)
Incoterm2010
Export-
Customsdeclaration
Carriagetoportofexport
Unloadingoftruckinportofexport
Loadingchargesinportofexport
Carriage(SeaFreight/AirFreight)toportofimport
Unloadingchargesinportofimport
Loadingontruckinportofimport
Carriagetoplaceofdestination
Insurance
Importcustomsclearance
Importtaxes
Buyer
Seller
Buyer/Seller
Fortheimportanceofinformationproviders,itensuresthattransactionsarecompletedsuccessfullyandsafely.Buyersandsellerscansigncontracts,includingrights,obligationsandotherrelevantprovisions.Italsoclearlyshowsthepriceandcostbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.
Technicalreport3—Consolidationandgroupagearrangements
Chart—Consolidationandgroupagearrangements
Definitionof
Groupage
Groupageisaplacewhereseveralconsignorsaresenttoafewconsigneestobesenttoadestinationsomewhereinaplaceoforigin.Suchgoodsareusuallypackagedandmergedbythecarrieratthefreightpoint.Forthecarrierofsuchgoods,thecarriershallundertaketheoperationofboxingandunboxing.Loadingandunloadingchargesstilltaketheresponsibilityofthecargocarrier,whichisbasicallythesameasthetraditionalfreighttransport.
Consolidation
Itmeansthatthecargointhecontainerisloadedandunloadedatthesameport,andthegoodswillnotbeunpackedbeforethegoodsarriveattheportofdestination,thatis,thegoodsarethesameportofdischarge.Thiskindofcounterserviceisshort,convenientandfast,andthegeneralstrengthcabinetcompanywillprovideonlythiskindofservice.Conversionreferstothefactthatthegoodsinthecontainerarenotthesameportofdestination,andtheyneedtobeunloaded,shippedortransshippedmidway.Becauseofthedifferentportsofdestinationandlongwaitingtime,suchgoodshavealongertransportationperiodandevenhigherfreightcharges.
Circumstanceswhentheycouldbeused
Itneedstobefasterthanmultimodaltransport
Groupsareusuallyusedbysea,railandthroughroads.Itsquantityisnotlarge,andthegoodsdonothavestricttimerequirements.
Consolidationisapplicabletoairtransportationandtransportationnecessities,soconsolidationwillbeusedincaseswhereemergencysituationsortransportationneedlesstime.
Costeffectivepalletloadlevel
Inthefirstpart,thechoiceisdirectroad,thecostis1350,andeachpalletis108,sotheresultis1350/108=12.5.
Throughcalculation,theresultis12.5,sowhentheloadisequaltoorgreaterthan12.5pallets,thedirectroadmodeiseffective.However,accordingtothismethod,12oftheresultsarefinallyobtained.
Technicalreport4—leasttotalcostconceptCasestudyextension
Table–TransitcostsKirriemuirtoMontreal
Item
RouteFrom
Routetoandaveragetransittime
Costper40ftcontainer
Transitextras
Roadbyrigidcontainerflatbedlorry
KirrimuirBottlingPlant
CoatbridgeRailport
1day
£
145
OnloadKirriemuir£
(BottlingCompanylifttruckandstaff)
OffloadCoatbridge£
28
TilburyContainerTerminal2days
505
OffloadTilbury£
32
DemurrageTilburyAverage8days£
15per24hours
Fist48hoursfree
RailbyTransfreight
Coatbridge
Railport
SouthamptonContainerTerminal1day
315
OnloadCo
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