四级真题共12页word资料.docx
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四级真题共12页word资料.docx
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四级真题共12页word资料
2019年12月大学英语四级考试真题
与当今“教师”一称最接近的“老师”概念,最早也要追溯至宋元时期。
金代元好问《示侄孙伯安》诗云:
“伯安入小学,颖悟非凡貌,属句有夙性,说字惊老师。
”于是看,宋元时期小学教师被称为“老师”有案可稽。
清代称主考官也为“老师”,而一般学堂里的先生则称为“教师”或“教习”。
可见,“教师”一说是比较晚的事了。
如今体会,“教师”的含义比之“老师”一说,具有资历和学识程度上较低一些的差别。
辛亥革命后,教师与其他官员一样依法令任命,故又称“教师”为“教员”。
PartIWriting(30minutes)
唐宋或更早之前,针对“经学”“律学”“算学”和“书学”各科目,其相应传授者称为“博士”,这与当今“博士”含义已经相去甚远。
而对那些特别讲授“武事”或讲解“经籍”者,又称“讲师”。
“教授”和“助教”均原为学官称谓。
前者始于宋,乃“宗学”“律学”“医学”“武学”等科目的讲授者;而后者则于西晋武帝时代即已设立了,主要协助国子、博士培养生徒。
“助教”在古代不仅要作入流的学问,其教书育人的职责也十分明晰。
唐代国子学、太学等所设之“助教”一席,也是当朝打眼的学官。
至明清两代,只设国子监(国子学)一科的“助教”,其身价不谓显赫,也称得上朝廷要员。
至此,无论是“博士”“讲师”,还是“教授”“助教”,其今日教师应具有的基本概念都具有了。
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledLimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBag.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
我国古代的读书人,从上学之日起,就日诵不辍,一般在几年内就能识记几千个汉字,熟记几百篇文章,写出的诗文也是字斟句酌,琅琅上口,成为满腹经纶的文人。
为什么在现代化教学的今天,我们念了十几年书的高中毕业生甚至大学生,竟提起作文就头疼,写不出像样的文章呢?
吕叔湘先生早在1978年就尖锐地提出:
“中小学语文教学效果差,中学语文毕业生语文水平低,……十几年上课总时数是9160课时,语文是2749课时,恰好是30%,十年的时间,二千七百多课时,用来学本国语文,却是大多数不过关,岂非咄咄怪事!
”寻根究底,其主要原因就是腹中无物。
特别是写议论文,初中水平以上的学生都知道议论文的“三要素”是论点、论据、论证,也通晓议论文的基本结构:
提出问题――分析问题――解决问题,但真正动起笔来就犯难了。
知道“是这样”,就是讲不出“为什么”。
根本原因还是无“米”下“锅”。
于是便翻开作文集锦之类的书大段抄起来,抄人家的名言警句,抄人家的事例,不参考作文书就很难写出像样的文章。
所以,词汇贫乏、内容空洞、千篇一律便成了中学生作文的通病。
要解决这个问题,不能单在布局谋篇等写作技方面下功夫,必须认识到“死记硬背”的重要性,让学生积累足够的“米”。
1.一次性塑料袋的使用
2.使用一次性塑料袋带来的问题
3.限制一次性塑料袋的意义
LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBag
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.
Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
That’senough,kids
ItwasalovelydayattheparkandStellaBianchiwasenjoyingthesunshinewithhertwochildrenwhenayoungboy,agedaboutfour,approachedhertwo-year-oldsonandpushedhimtotheground.
“I’dwatchedhimforalittlewhileandmysonwasthefourthorfifthchildhe’dshoved,”shesays.”Iwentovertothem,pickedupmyson,turnedtotheboyandsaid,firmly,’No,wedon’tpush,”Whathappenednextwasunexpected.
“Theboy’smotherrantowardmefromacrossthepark,”Stellasays,”Ithoughtshewascomingovertoapologize,butinsteadshestartedshoutingatmefordiscipliningherchild,AllIdidwaslethimknowhisbehaviorwasunacceptable.WasIsupposedtositbackwhileherkiddidwhateverhewanted,hurtingotherchildrenintheprocess?
”
Gettingyourownchildrentoplayniceisdifficultenough.Dealingwithotherpeople’schildrenhasbecomeaminefield.
Inmyhouse,jumpingonthesofaisnotallowed.Inmysister’shouseit’sencouraged.Forher,it’saboutkidsbeingkids:
“Ifyoucan’tdoitatthree,whencanyoudoit?
”
Eachofthesephilosophiesisvalidand,ithastobesaid,mysonlovesvisitinghisaunt’shouse.ButIfindmyselfsaying“no”alotwhenherkidsareoveratmine.That’sOKbetweensistersbutbecomesdangerousterritorywhenyou’retalkingtothechildrenoffriendsoracquaintances.
“Kidsaren’tallraisedthesame,”agreesProfessorNaomiWhiteofMonashUniversity.”Butthereisstillanideathatthey’rethepropertyoftheparent.Weseeourchildrenasanextensionofourselves,soifyou’resayingthatmychildisbehavinginappropriately,thenthat’ssomehowacriticismofme.”
Inthosecircumstances,it’sdifficulttoknowwhethertoapproachthechilddirectlyortheparentfirst.Therearetwoschoolsofthought.
“I’dgotothechildfirst,”saysAndrewFuller,authorofTrickyKids.Usuallyaquietreminderthat’wedon’tdothathere’isenough.Kidsnavefinelytunedantennae(直觉)forhowtobehaveindifferentsettings.”
Hepointsoutbringingitupwiththeparentfirstmaymakethemfeelneglectful,whichcouldcauseproblems.Ofcourse,approachingthechildfirstcanbringitsownheadaches,too.
ThisiswhyWhiterecommendsthatyouapproachtheparentsfirst.Raiseyourconcernswiththeparentsifthey’rethereandaskthemtodealwithit,”shesays.
Askedhowtoapproachaparentinthissituation,psychologistMeredithFulleranswers:
“Explainyourneedsaswellasstressingtheimportanceofthefriendship.Prefaceyourremarkswithsomethinglike:
’Iknowyou’llthinkI’msillybutinmyhouseIdon’twant…’”
Whenitcomestosituationswhereyou’recaringforanotherchild,whiteisstraightforward:
“commonsensemustprevail.Ifthingsdon’tgowell,thenhaveachat.”
There’reacoupleofnewgreyareas.Physicalpunishment,onceacceptedfromanyadult,isnolongerappropriate.“Anewsetofconsiderationshascometotheforeaspartofthedebateabouthowwehandlechildren.”
ForAndrewFuller,thechild-centricnatureofoursocietyhasaffectedeveryone:
”Therulesaredifferentnowfromwhentoday’sparentsweregrowingup,”hesays,“Adultsarescaredofsaying:
’don’tswear’,oraskingachildtostanduponabus.They’reworriedthattherewillbeconflictiftheypointthesethingsout–eitherfromolderchildren,ortheirparents.”
Heseesitasalossofthesenseofcommonpublicgoodandpubliccourtesy(礼貌),andsaysthatadultssufferformitasmuchaschild.
MeredithFulleragrees:
“Acodeofconductishardtocreatewhenyou’relivinginaworldinwhicheveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,andaworldinwhichnicepeopleareperceivedtofinishlast.”
“It’saboutwhatI’mdoingandwhatIneed,”AndrewFullersays.”thedayswhenakidcamehomefromschoolandsaid,“Igotintotrouble”.Anddadsaid,‘youprobablydeservedit’.Areover.Nowtheparentsarecharginguptotheschooltohaveagoatteachers.”
Thisjumpingtoourchildren’sdefenseispartofwhatfuelsthe“walkingoneggshells”feelingthatsurroundsourdealingswithotherpeople’schildren.Youknowthatifyouremonstrate(劝诫)withthechild,you’regoingtohavetodealwiththeparent.It’sadmirabletobeprotectiveofourkids,butisitgood?
“Childrenhavetolearntonegotiatetheworldontheirown,withinreasonableboundaries,”Whitesays.“Isuspectthatit’sonlycertainsectorsofthepopulationdoingtherunningtotheschool–better–educatedparentsareprobablymorelikelytobetooinvolved.”
Whitebelievesournotionsofamorechild-centered,it’awayoftalkingabouttreatingourchildrenlikecommodities(商品).We’recenteredonthembutinwaysthatreflectpositivelyonus.Wetreatthemasobjectswhoseappearanceandachievementsaresomethingwecanbeproudof,ratherthanservethebestinterestsofthechildren.”
Onewayover-worked,under-resourcedparentsshowcommitmenttotheirchildrenistoleaptotheirdefence.Backatthepark,Bianchi’intervention(干预)onherson’behalfendedinanundignifiedexchangeofinsultingwordswiththeotherboy’mother.
AsBianchiapproachedtheparkbenchwhereshe’dbeensitting,othermumscameuptoherandcongratulatedherontakingastand.“Apparentlytheboyhadalongstandingreputationforbadbehaviourandhismumforevenworsebehaviourifhewaschallenged.”
AndrewFullerdoesn’tbelievethatweshouldbeafraidofdealingwithotherpeople’skids.“lookatkidsthataren’tyourownasapotentialminefield,”hesays.Herecommendsthatwedon’tstaysilentoverinappropriatebehaviour,particularlywithregularvisitors.
1.WhatdidStellaBianchiexpecttheyoungboy’smothertodowhenshetalkedtohim?
A)makeanapology
B)comeovertointervene
C)disciplineherownboy
D)takeherownboyaway
2.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdealingwithotherpeople’schildren?
A)it’simportantnottohurttheminanyway
B)it’snousetryingtostoptheirwrongdoing
C)it’sadvisabletotreatthemasone’sownkids
D)it’spossibleforonetogetintolotsoftrouble
3.AccordingtoprofessorNaomiwhiteofMonashuniversity,whenone’skidsarecriticized,theirparentswillprobablyfeel___________________________
A)discouraged
B)hurt
C)puzzled
D)overwhelmed
4.Whatshouldonedowhenseeingotherpeople’skidsmisbehaveaccordingtoAndrewfuller?
A)talktothemdirectlyinamildway
B)complaintotheirparentspolitely
C)simplyleavethemalone
D)punishthemlightly
5.Duetothechild-centricnatureofoursociety,______________________
A)parentsareworriedwhentheirkidsswearatthem
B)peoplethinkitimpropertocriticizekidsinpublic
C)peoplearereluctanttopointourkids’wrongdoings
D)manyconflictsarisebetweenparentsandtheirkids
6.Inaworldwhereeveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,____________________________
A)it’seasyforpeopletobecomeimpatient
B)it’sdifficulttocreateacodeofconduct
C)it’simportanttobefriendlytoeverybody
D)it’shardforpeopletoadmireeachother
7.Howdidpeopleusetorespondwhentheirkidsgotintotroubleatschool?
A)they’dquestiontheteachers
B)they’dchargeuptotheschool
C)they’dtellthekidstoclamdown
D)They’dputtheblameontheirkids
8.Professorwhitebelievesthatthenotionsofamorechild-centredsocietyshouldbe____________________
9.Accordingtoprofessorwhite,today’sparentstreattheirchildrenassomethingthey___________________
10.Andrewfullersuggeststhat,whenkidsbehaveinappropriately,peopleshouldnot______________________
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneo
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