英国文学史选读总结1.docx
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英国文学史选读总结1.docx
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英国文学史选读总结1
I.EarlyandMedievalLiterature
1. England’sinhabitantsareCelts.AnditisconqueredbyRomans,theTeutonictribesofAngle,SaxonsandJutes.In1066,atthebattleofHastings(黑斯延斯),theNormansheadedbyWilliam,DukeofNormandy,defeatedtheAnglo-Saxons.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheGermaniclanguageandculturetoEngland,whileNormansbroughttheMediterraneancivilization(地中海文明),includingGreekculture,RomelawandtheChristianreligion.ItistheculturalinfluenceofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.
2.Juteslivedandmaintainedcloserelationswithkindred(相似)tribes.
3.TheoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout449to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.
4.ThreekindsoflanguagesintheAnglo-Normanperiod:
Norman---French,English---English,Religious---Latin.Twokindsofliterature:
RomansandBallads.“Romans”isaboutupperclass,andnothingtodowithRomans.
5.TheoldEnglishpoetrythathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:
Thereligiousgroupandthesecularone.
6.Theliteratureofthisperiodfallsnaturallyintotwodivisions――paganandChristian.
7.ThenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople,whichbelongstotheprimitive(原始,早期)literature;Romancecycles,whichbelongtothefeudalist(封建)literature;Folkliteraturewhosesubjectsarefromthelowerclass
8.CaedomisthefirstknownreligiouspoetofEngland,heisknownasthefatherofEnglishsong.
9.ThedidacticpoemTheChristwasproducedbyCynewulf.
10.TheSongofBeowulf
ItdescribesthemostheroicmanoftheAnglo-Saxontimes.ItisaDenmark(丹麦)storywhichusedalliteration,metaphors(隐喻)andunderstatements(轻描淡写).
•Itisthefirstliterature,England’snationalepic;itwaswrittenbyanunknownscribeatthebeginningofthe10thcenturyandwasnotdiscovereduntil1750
•Itconsistsof3182lines
•TellingastoryaboutanancientheroBeowulf’sfightagainstalakemonster,Grendel,andhismother,amonster,too;Beowulf’sbattleagainstafiredragon.
•Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofthenaturemythsandheroiclegends.
12.TheliteraturewhichtheybroughttoEnglandisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesofloveandadventure,inmarkedcontrastwiththestrengthandsomberness(严峻)ofAnglo-Saxonpoetry.
ThegreatmajorityofRomancesmainlyfallinto3cycles.
A.ThemattersofBritain:
AboutKingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTable
B.ThemattersofFrance:
AboutCharlemagneandhispeers
C.ThemattersofGreeceandRome:
AboutAlexander,andaboutthefallofTroy(特洛伊城的陷落)
Ofthesethreecycles,themattersofBritainisthemostimportantone.ThereweremanycyclesofArthurianromances,ChiefofwhicharethoseofGawain,Launcelot(朗斯洛特),Merlin(默林),theQuestoftheHolyGrail(寻找圣杯),andtheDeathofArthur
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight
13.GeoffreyChaucer
•HeisthefatherofEnglishpoetryinthatheintroducesrhymedverse,especiallycouplet,intoBritaintoreplacealliterativeverseformerlyprevailinginBritishpoetryandmakingEnglishtheliterarylanguage.
•HeisalsothefounderofEnglishrealismbecauseTheCanterburyTales,hismasterpiece,providesapanoramaofthelifeinthemedievalEngland.
•Heistheforerunnerofhumanismforinhismasterpiecethekeynoteishumanism.Hepraiseshumanintellect,humanbeauty,humanpassionandhumanlivingenvironment,andaffirmshumanrightstopursueearthlyhappiness.
•写作的三个时期:
TranslatefromFrench;French;Writeinhisownwords:
English
•TheCanterburyTales
Threefeatures:
Plot;Prologue;Language(iambicpentameter)
ThePrologueisasplendidmasterpieceofrealisticportrayal,thefirstofitskindinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.ThePrologueisasplendidmasterpieceofrealisticportrayal,thefirstofitskindinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.
Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter(五音步抑扬格).ItisChaucerwhouseditforthefirsttimeinEnglishinhisworkTheLegendofGoodWoman.
14.PopularBallads
•Literatureofthelowerclassinthefeudalistsocietyincludeswrittenfolkliteratureandoralfolkliterature.
•Asforthewrittenfolkliterature,themostimportantwriterisWilliamLangland,whosemasterpieceisTheVisionofPiers,thePlowman.
•Amongtheballadspublished,theRobinHoodballadsareofspecialsignificance.
•ThebestknownoftheearliestcollectionswasgivenbyBishopThomasPercy,namedReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry.
II.LiteratureoftheRenaissancePeriod
1.Renaissance:
generalspirit---humanism
2.AbsolutemonarchyinEnglandreacheditssummitduringthereignofQueenElisabeth.
3.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe(克里斯托弗马洛)andWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
4.ThomasMore----Utopia;JohnLyly----Eupheus(艳词);Marlowe----TheJewofMalta;RobertGreene----GorgeGreen
5.EdmundSpenserwasthepoet’spoet.ThegreatestepicpoemofthetimeisTheFairyQueen.
6.WilliamShakespeareproduced37plays,2narrativepoemsand154sonnets.Abasicformofpoetryconsistsof14linesofiambicpentameter,intricatelyrhymed(abab,cdcd,efef,gg).
Hisplayscanbedividedintofourtypes:
historicalplays,comedies,tragediesandromantictragic-comedies.
Hisfourwritingperiod:
Apprenticeship;Matureperiod;Greattragedies;Romanticdrama
Sonnet18:
Theme---Artsurvivestime
Hamlet
ItpraiseshumanistsasrepresentedbyHamlet.Heisthescholar,asoldierandastatesman(政治家);itshowstheinevitableproblemsfacedbythehumanists;Hamlet’sdelayofactionisduetohisawarenessofthepossiblenationaldisasterwhichwillbebroughtaboutbyhispersonalrevengeandhissenseofresponsibilitytoputtheinterestsofhisnationandhispeoplebeforehisown.
7.FrancisBacon
○Essayist,Scientist,Philosopher.
○HismajorworksareTheAdvancementofLearningandNewInstrument.
○HeisalsothefirstgreatEnglishessayist.
○Hisworksmaybedividedintothreeclasses:
thephilosophical,theliteraryandtheprofessionalworks
○In1597FrancisBaconpublishedhisfirstcollectionofessays,theEssays
III.LiteratureoftheRevolutionandRestorationPeriod
1.ThegovernmentofJames1wasbaseduponthetheoryofdivinerightofkings,butthePuritansofferedanothertheoryofdivineright—theindividualconscience.
2.In1649CharlesIwasbeheaded.EnglandbecameacommonwealthundertheleadershipofOliverCromwell.Heimposedamilitarydictatorship(军事独裁).
In1653OliverCromwellimposedamilitarydictatorshiponthecountry.ItwascalledtheperiodoftheRestorationwhichwasobjectionable(讨厌的)inmonarchy.AfterCromwell’sdeath,monarchywasagainrestoredin1660.
3.Revolutionof1688(GloriousRevolution)meansthreethings:
ThesupremacyofParliament(议会至上),thebeginningofthemodernEngland(现代英国的开端),thefinaltriumphoftheprincipleofpoliticallibertyforwhichthePuritanhadfoughtandsufferedhardshipforahundredyears.
4.LiteraryCharacteristics
IntheliteraturealsothePuritanAgewasoneofconfusion,duetothebreakingupofoldideals.ThePuritaninfluenceingeneraltendedtosuppressliteraryart.
5.JohnDonne
•HewasthefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.
•DonneisbestknownbyhisTheSongsandSonnets.Itcontainsmostofhisearlylyrics.Loveisthebasictheme.
•Sometimesthe“conceits(奇遇)”,astheseextravagantfiguresarecalled,aresooddthatwelosesightofthethingtobeillustrated,inthestartlingnatureoftheillustration.
•Song(“GoandCatchaFallingStar”),thethemeis“Nowherelivesawomantrue,andfair”
6.JohnMilton
ParadiseLostconsistsof12books,containingabouttenthousandlinesinblankverse(unrhymediambicpentameter).Basedonthebiblicallegendoftheimaginaryprogenitorsofthehumanrace----AdamandEve,andtellsGodandhiseternaladversary,Sataninitsplot.
Majorpoeticalworks:
ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonisters.
7.JohnBunyan
Hegivesustheonlygreatreligiousallegory(宗教寓言)
Pilgrim’sProgress,VanityFair
IV.Literatureofthe18thCentury
1.Theageofreason
2.Twoparties:
theliberalWhigsandtheconservativeToriescameintobeing.Howeveranotherpartyalsoexisted,theJacobites,whoaimedtobringtheStuartsbacktothethrone.
3.Characteristicsofliterature:
Realism;Commonpeople;Proserapiddevelopment
3.DanielDefoe
Hisworksarethefirstliteraryworksdevotedtothestudyofproblemsofthelower-classpeople.
RobinsonCrusoe,colonialspirit
(1)Hismarvelous(非凡的)capacity(才能)forwork
(2)Hisboundless(无穷的)energyandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles(障碍)
(3)Hishardstruggleagainstnatureandmakingallbendtohiswill
3.JonathanSwift
ATaleofaTub(satirist)《木桶的故事》
Gulliver’Travels(satire)
Fourplaces:
Lilliput(厘厘普特),Brobdingnag(布罗卜丁奈格),theflyingIsland,Houyhnhnm(慧駰国).
▪ThefirstparttellsabouthisexperienceinLilliput,wheretheinhabitantsareonlysixinchestall),twelvetimessmallerthanthenormalhumanbeings.Theemperorbelievedhimselftobethedelightandterroroftheuniverse,butitappearedquiteabsurdtoGulliverwhowastwelvetimesastallashe.Inhisaccountofthetwopartiesinthecountry,distinguishedbytheuseofhighandlowheels,SwiftsatirizestheToriesandtheWhigsinEngland.
▪ReligiousdisputeswerelaughedatinanaccountofaproblemwhichdividedtheLilliputians:
“Shouldeggsbebrokenatthebigendorthelittleend?
”
Aboutselectedreading:
Thetheme:
explorationintohumannatureandsatiretoEnglishandEuropeanlife
①Mainplot—partone:
HisexperiencesinLilliputwheretheinhabitantsareonly12timessmallerthannormalhumanbeing
Au
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