曼昆经济学 宏观经济学 第五版 教师参考手册 chap07Word格式.docx
- 文档编号:6270465
- 上传时间:2023-05-06
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:33
- 大小:372.47KB
曼昆经济学 宏观经济学 第五版 教师参考手册 chap07Word格式.docx
《曼昆经济学 宏观经济学 第五版 教师参考手册 chap07Word格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《曼昆经济学 宏观经济学 第五版 教师参考手册 chap07Word格式.docx(33页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
4.Theequilibriumofsupplyanddemandmaximizesthesumofconsumerandproducersurplus.Thatis,theinvisiblehandofthemarketplaceleadsbuyersandsellerstoallocateresourcesefficiently.
5.Marketsdonotallocateresourcesefficientlyinthepresenceofmarketfailuressuchasmarketpowerorexternalities.
CHAPTEROUTLINE:
I.DefinitionofWelfareEconomics:
thestudyofhowtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being.
Studentsoftenareconfusedbytheterm“welfareeconomics.”Remindthemthatwearetalkingaboutwell-beingandnotpublicassistance.
II.ConsumerSurplus
A.WillingnesstoPay
1.DefinitionofWillingnesstoPay:
themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood.
2.Example:
youareauctioningamint-conditionrecordingofElvisPresley’sfirstalbum.Fourbuyersshowup.Theirwillingnesstopayisasfollows:
StudentswillunderstandconsumersurplusifyoutakethetimetoworkthroughtheElvisPresleyexample.Ifyoustartwiththissimpleexample,studentswillhavenotroubleunderstandinghowtofindconsumersurplusonagraph.
Table7-1
Buyer
WillingnesstoPay
John
$100
Paul
80
George
70
Ringo
50
Ifthebiddinggoestoslightlyhigherthan$80,allbuyersdropoutexceptforJohn.SinceJohniswillingtopaymorethanhehastoforthealbum,hederivessomebenefitfromparticipatinginthemarket.
3.DefinitionofConsumerSurplus:
abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays.
4.Notethatifyouhadmorethanonecopyofthealbum,thepriceintheauctionwouldendupbeinglower(alittleover$70inthecaseoftwoalbums)andbothJohnandPaulwouldgainconsumersurplus.
B.UsingtheDemandCurvetoMeasureConsumerSurplus
1.WecanusetheinformationonwillingnesstopaytoderiveademandcurvefortherareElvisPresleyalbum.
Table7-2
Price
Buyers
QuantityDemanded
Morethan$100
None
$80to$100
1
$70to$80
John,Paul
2
$50to$70
John,Paul,George
3
$50orless
John,Paul,George,Ringo
4
Figure7-1
100
Quantity
2.Atanygivenquantity,thepricegivenbythedemandcurvereflectsthewillingnesstopayofthemarginalbuyer.Becausethedemandcurveshowsthebuyers’willingnesstopay,wecanusethedemandcurvetomeasureconsumersurplus.
Figure7-2
3.Consumersurpluscanbemeasuredastheareabelowthedemandcurveandabovetheprice.
C.HowaLowerPriceRaisesConsumerSurplus
Figure7-3
1.Aspricefalls,consumersurplusincreasesfortworeasons.
a.Thosealreadybuyingtheproductwillreceiveadditionalconsumersurplusbecausetheyarepayinglessfortheproductthanbefore(areaAongraph).
b.Sincethepriceisnowlower,somenewbuyerswillenterthemarketandreceiveconsumersurplusontheseadditionalunitsofoutputpurchased(areaBongraph).
P1
A
B
P2
Demand
Q2
Q1
D.WhatDoesConsumerSurplusMeasure?
Itisimportanttostressthatconsumersurplusismeasuredinmonetaryterms.Consumersurplusgivesusawaytoplaceamonetarycostoninefficientmarketoutcomes(duetogovernmentinvolvementormarketfailure).
1.Rememberthatconsumersurplusisthedifferencebetweentheamountthatbuyersarewillingtopayforagoodandthepricethattheyactuallypay.
2.Thus,itmeasurestheactualbenefitthatconsumersreceivefromthegoodaboveandbeyonditscost.
ALTERNATIVECLASSROOMEXAMPLE:
ReviewthematerialonpriceceilingsfromChapter6.Redrawthemarketfortwo-bedroomapartmentsinyourtown.Drawinapriceceilingbelowtheequilibriumprice.
Thengothrough:
▪consumersurplusbeforethepriceceilingisputinplace
▪consumersurplusafterthepriceceilingisputinplace
III.ProducerSurplus
A.CostandtheWillingnesstoSell
1.DefinitionofCost:
thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood.
Youwillneedtotakesometimeexplainingtherelationshipbetweentheproducers’willingnesstosellandthecostofproducingthegood.Therelationshipbetweencostandthesupplycurveisnotasapparentastherelationshipbetweenthedemandcurveandwillingnesstopay.
youwanttohiresomeonetopaintyourhouse.Therearefoursellersfromwhomyouacceptbidsforthework.Eachpainteriswillingtoworkifthepriceyouwillpayexceedsheropportunitycost.(Notethatthisopportunitycostthusrepresentswillingnesstosell.)Thecostsare:
Seller
Cost
Mary
$900
Frida
800
Georgia
600
Grandma
500
Table7-3
Biddingwillstopwhenthepricegetstobeslightlybelow$600.AllsellerswilldropoutexceptforGrandma.SinceGrandmareceivesmorethanshewouldrequiretopaintthehouse,shederivessomebenefitfromproducinginthemarket.
3.DefinitionofProducerSurplus:
theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scost.
4.Notethatifyouhadmorethanonehousetopaint,thepriceintheauctionwouldendupbeinghigher(alittleunder$800inthecaseoftwohouses)andbothGrandmaandGeorgiawouldgainproducersurplus.
B.UsingtheSupplyCurvetoMeasureProducerSurplus
1.Wecanusetheinformationoncost(willingnesstosell)toderiveasupplycurveforhousepaintingservices.
Table7-4
Sellers
QuantitySupplied
$900ormore
Mary,Frida,Georgia,Grandma
$800to$900
Frida,Georgia,Grandma
$600to$800
Georgia,Grandma
$500to$600
lessthan$500
2.Atanygivenquantity,thepricegivenbythesupplycurverepresentsthecostofthemarginalseller.Becausethesupplycurveshowsthesellers’cost(willingnesstosell),wecanusethesupplycurvetomeasureproducersurplus.
Figure7-4
900
Figure7-5
3.Producersurpluscanbemeasuredastheareaabovethesupplycurveandbelowtheprice.
C.HowaHigherPriceRaisesProducerSurplus
Figure7-6
1.Aspricerises,producersurplusincreasesfortworeasons.
a.Thosealreadysellingtheproductwillreceiveadditionalproducersurplusbecausetheyarereceivingmorefortheproductthanbefore(areaConthegraph).
Supply
D
C
b.Sincethepriceisnowhigher,somenewsellerswillenterthemarketandreceiveproducersurplusontheseadditionalunitsofoutputsold(areaDonthegraph).
ReviewthematerialonpricefloorsfromChapter6.Redrawthemarketforanagriculturalproductsuchascorn.Drawinapricesupportabovetheequilibriumprice.
Thengothrough:
▪producersurplusbeforethepricesupportisputinplace.
▪producersurplusafterthepricesupportisputinplace.
D.Producersurplusisusedtomeasureeconomicwell-beingofproducers,muchlikeconsumersurplusisusedtomeasuretheeconomicwell-beingofconsumers.
IV.MarketEfficiency
A.TheBenevolentSocialPlanner
1.Theeconomicwell-beingofeveryoneinsocietycanbemeasuredbytotalsurplus,whichisthesumofconsumersurplusandproducersurplus:
TotalSurplus=ConsumerSurplus+ProducerSurplus
TotalSurplus=(ValuetoBuyers-AmountPaidbyBuyers)+
(AmountReceivedbySellers-CostsofSellers)
BecausetheAmountPaidByBuyers=AmountReceivedBy
Sellers:
2.DefinitionofEfficiency:
thepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthetotalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety.
3.DefinitionofEquity:
thefairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthemembersofsociety.
Nowmightbeagoodtimetopointoutthatmanygovernmentpoliciesinvolveatradeoffbetweenefficiencyandequity.Then,whenyouevaluategovernmentpolicies,likepriceceilingsorfloors,youcanexplainthemintermsofequityandefficiency.
B.EvaluatingtheMarketEquilibrium
Figure7-7
CS
P*
PS
Q*
1.Atthemarketequilibriumprice:
a.Buyerswhovaluetheproductmorethantheequilibriumpricewillpurchasetheproduct;
thosewhodonotwillnotpurchasetheproduct.
b.Sellerswhosecostsarelessthantheequilibriumpricewillproducetheproduct;
thosewhosecostsarehigherwillnotproducetheproduct.
2.Totalsurplusismaximizedatthemarketequilibrium.
Figure7-8
ValuetoBuyers
CosttoSellers
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 曼昆经济学 宏观经济学 第五版 教师参考手册 chap07 经济学 第五 教师 参考手册