简明英语语言学知识点汇总Word文档格式.docx
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简明英语语言学知识点汇总Word文档格式.docx
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psycholinguistics
Howinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation……(languageandbrain)
Appliedlinguistics
Appliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquisition
Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
prescriptive
descriptive
Aimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&
standard”
Describeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)
synchronic
diachronic
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime
Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime
Modernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:
①Difficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;
②Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.
speech
writing
Speechispriortowriting:
①writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;
②speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;
③speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;
④spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.
Langue语言
Parole言语
Abstractlinguisticsystem;
Relativelystable
Therealizationoflanguageinactualuse;
Concrete;
Varyfrompersontoperson&
situationtosituation
ProposedbySwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury:
paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,toabstractlanguefromparole.
competence
performance
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
proposedbyAmericanlinguist,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetence,nottheperformance.
Difference:
Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;
whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
Traditionalgrammar
Modernlinguistics
Prescriptive;
writtenlanguageisprimary;
ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;
Descriptive;
Spokenlanguageisprimary;
Tryingtosetupauniversalframework
ModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofSassure’sbookcourseingenerallinguistics
Whatislanguage
Definitionsoflanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
Characteristics:
①languageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;
②languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;
③languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;
④languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.
Designfeaturesoflanguage
ProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:
comparingtheanimal&
humancommunicationarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:
①arbitrariness
Nologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)
②productivity
Itmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.
③duality
Languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&
park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;
④Displacement
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;
⑤culturaltransmission
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmitted[languagenotmutuallyintelligible]whileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)
Functionsoflanguage
Threemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:
①descriptivefunction
Theprimaryfunctionoflanguage;
TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.
②expressivefunction
Supplyinformationabouttheuser’sfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,willnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.
③socialfunction
Servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?
Others:
Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson:
sixelemens(function)ofaspeech:
Addresser-emotive(动机)addressee-conative(意动)context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunion
code-metalinguistic
BritishlinguisticHalliday:
①ideationalfunction(语篇功能)[includeddescriptive&
expressivefunctin]istoorganizethespeaker’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.
②interpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.[socialfunction]
③textualfunctionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.
Thephonicmediumoflanguage
Speechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorgan
Twomajormediaofcommunication:
speechandwriting;
whatisphonetics?
Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccursintheworld’slanguage.
Articulatoryphonetics(发音语言学)
ThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics(听觉语言学)
Acousticphonetics(声学语言学)
organsofspeech
Pharyngealcavity(咽喉)
Nasalcavity(鼻腔)
Oralcavity(口腔)
Voicing:
vibrationofthevocalcords
orthgraphicrepresentationofspeechsounds:
broad&
narrow
Internationalphoneticalphabet:
letter→sounds
Broad(usedintextbook):
lettersymbols[p]
Narrow:
lettersymbols+diacritics(变音符)[phit][spit]
h→aspiration[phoneticianmoreinterestedin]
classificationofEnglishspeechsounds
Totalobstruction
Passingout
Bilabial
(双唇音)
Labio-dental
(唇齿音)
Dental
(齿音)
Alveloar
(齿龈音)
Palatal
(腭音)
Velar
(软腭)
Glottal
(喉音)
Stops
Partialobstruction
(闭塞音)
VL
p
f
t
k
VD
b
v
d
g
Fricative
Completeatfirst
Releaseslowlywithpartialobstruction
(摩擦音)
o
s
h
z
Affricates
(塞擦音)
tf
dg
Nasals
(鼻音)
m
n
Liquids
(流音)
L,r
Glides
(滑音)
w
j
Monophthongs:
front
central
back
close
I:
I
U:
u
Semi-close
e
e:
Semi-open
C:
open
aea
^
Da:
phonology
phonology&
phonetics
phonephonemeallophone
phonemiccontrastcomplementarydistributionminimalpair
somerulesinphonology
Sequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionrule
suprasegmentalfeatures(phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofsegments)
Stress:
N&
v
Tone:
四声
Intonation:
differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencesunchanged
3.Morphology
Grammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure
Word:
thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage
Morpheme:
thesmallestunitofmeaning
Rootstembase
Root:
believe
Stem:
believable(除掉所有的语法成份,留下词根和派生成份)
Base:
unbelievable(un的词基)
Derivationalmorpheme:
changecategorygrammaticalclassofwords
Prefix:
changemeaning
Suffix:
changemeaningandpartsofspeech
Inflectionalmorpheme:
signifytensenumbercase
Wordformation:
①Clipping(shortening&
abbreviation)
[nochangeofpartofspeech]
gymexpomemodiscoburgerquakefridgescript
②back-formation
[changeofpartofspeech]
editor-edithawker-hawkbeggar-begbaby-sister--baby-sit
Butcher-butchdonation-donateorientation-orient(ate)
③conversion(functionalshift)
:
N-vv-na-va-n
④acronyms
[pronouncedaswords]
CEOB2BITCPIIADWTOBBS(FORBULLETINBOARDSYSTEM)
APECAIDSUNESCOUCLAIDD
⑤initialism
[producedasletters]
FBIEEC
⑥blending
Smoke+fog=smog
Taikong+astronaut=taikonaut
⑦compounding
Bittersweetlandlady
⑧onomatopoeia
Blastrustle
5.Semantics
Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning:
1)thenamingtheory,plato,words→objects
Limitations:
√N×
ADJADVV
√Concrete×
abstract
2)theconceptualistview
Semantictriangle,ogden&
richards
words→mind→words
whatisthepreciselylinksymbolandconceptunclarify
3)Contextualism
Firth
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