1、psycholinguisticsHow infant acquire mother tongue,process information（language and brain）Applied linguisticsApplied to the recovery of language,language acquisition Some important distinctions in linguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAims to lay down rules for “correct & standard”Describe and analyze th
2、e language actually use（modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed）synchronicdiachronicThe description of a language at some point of time The description of a language as it changes through timeModern linguistics are most synchronic:Dif
3、ficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development;Synchronic description are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence.speechwritingSpeech is prior to writing:writing system is always “invented”by the users to record the speech whe
4、n the need arises;speech plays a greater role in terms of amount of conveying information;speech is always the way native speaker acquire their mother tongue while writing is learn and taught in school;spoken language reveals more feature of human speech,which is authentic while written language is
5、only the revised record of speech.Langue 语言Parole 言语Abstract linguistic system;Relatively stableThe realization of language in actual use; Concrete;Vary from person to person & situation to situationProposed by Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century:parole is a mass of linguistic facts,to
6、 abstract langue from petenceperformanceThe ideal users knowledge of the rules of his languageThe actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.proposed by American linguist ,Similar to Saussure,what linguists should study is the ideal speakers competence,not the performance.Diffe
7、rence:Saussure took sociological view of language and hi s notion of langue is a matter of social convention;while Chomsky looks at psychological point and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.Traditional grammarModern linguisticsPrescriptive;written language is primary;For
8、ce language into a Latin-based framework;Descriptive;Spoken language is primary;Trying to set up a universal frameworkModern linguistics begin from the publication of Sassures book course in general linguistics What is language Definitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols u
9、sed for human communication.Characteristics:language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well;language i
10、s vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound;language is human -specific,different from animal communication. Design features of languageProposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language:arbitrari
11、nessNo logical connection between meaning and sounds（except onomatopoetic and compound words）productivityIt makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users.dualityLanguage is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,
12、which are meaningless by the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system（carp & park）.Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;Displacement
13、Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language systems are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.（language is cultu
14、ral transmittedlanguage not mutually intelligible while animal call system is genetically transmitted） Functions of languageThree main functions of language which distinct from each other but actually overlapping to some degree:descriptive functionThe primary function of language;The Sichuan earthqu
15、ake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.expressive functionSupply information about the users feeling,preference,prejudices and value, will never come to this coffee shop again.social functionServes to establish and maintain social relations between people. How can I help you, Sir?Others
16、:Russian-born structural linguist Roman Jakobson：six elemens （function）of a speech:Addresser-emotive （动机） addressee-conative（意动） context-referential message-poetic contact-phatic communioncode-metalinguisticBritish linguistic Halliday:ideational function（语篇功能）included descriptive & expressive functi
17、n is to organize the speakers experience of the real or imaginary world.interpersonal function is to indicate ,establish,or maintain social relationship between people.social functiontextual function is to organize written or spoken texts to cohere within themselves and fit to the particular situati
18、on in which they are used. The phonic medium of languageSpeech sounds produced by human speech organTwo major media of communication:speech and writing; what is phonetics?The study of phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occurs in the worlds language. Articulatory phone
19、tics（发音语言学）Three branches Auditory phonetics（听觉语言学） Acoustic phonetics（声学语言学） organs of speech Pharyngeal cavity（咽喉） Nasal cavity（鼻腔） Oral cavity（口腔）Voicing:vibration of the vocal cords orthgraphic representation of speech sounds :broad & narrowInternational phonetic alphabet:lettersoundsBroad（used
20、in textbook）:letter symbols pNarrow: letter symbols + diacritics（变音符）phit spit haspiration phonetician more interested in classification of English speech soundsTotal obstructionPassing outBilabial（双唇音）Labio-dental（唇齿音）Dental（齿音）Alveloar（齿龈音）Palatal（腭音）Velar（软腭）Glottal（喉音）StopsPartial obstruction（闭塞
21、音）VLpftkVDbvdgFricativeComplete at firstRelease slowly with partial obstruction（摩擦音）oshzAffricates（塞擦音）tfdgNasals（鼻音）mnLiquids（流音）L,rGlides（滑音）wjMonophthongs：frontcentralbackcloseI: IU: uSemi-closeee:Semi-openC:openae aD a: phonology phonology & phonetics phone phoneme allophone phonemic contrast co
22、mplementary distribution minimal pair some rules in phonologySequential rules assimilation rule deletion rule suprasegmental features（phonemic features that occur above the level of segments） Stress : N & vTone： 四声Intonation： different may convey different meaning even the sentences unchanged 3.Morp
23、hology Grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure Word: the smallest free form found in language Morpheme: the smallest unit of meaningRoot stem baseRoot: believeStem: believable （除掉所有的语法成份,留下词根和派生成份）Base：unbelievable （un的词基）Derivational morpheme:change category grammatical cla
24、ss of wordsPrefix:change meaningSuffix: change meaning and parts of speechInflectional morpheme:signify tense number caseWord formation:Clipping（shortening & abbreviation）no change of part of speech gym expo memo disco burger quake fridge script back-formationchange of part of speech editor-edit haw
25、ker-hawk beggar-beg baby-sister-baby-sit Butcher-butch donation-donate orientation-orient（ate）conversion（functional shift）: N-v v-n a-v a-nacronymspronounced as wordsCEO B2B IT CPI IAD WTO BBS（FOR BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM）APEC AIDS UNESCO UCLA IDDinitialismproduced as letters FBI EECblendingSmoke+fog=s
26、mogTaikong+astronaut=taikonautcompoundingBittersweet landladyonomatopoeiaBlast rustle5.SemanticsSome views concerning the study of meaning:1） the naming theory,plato,words objectsLimitations: N ADJ ADV V Concrete abstract2） the conceptualist viewSemantic triangle,ogden & richardswordsmindwordswhat is the precisely link symbol and concept unclarify3） Contextualism Firth
