研究生英语必读10篇短文.docx
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研究生英语必读10篇短文.docx
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研究生英语必读10篇短文
研究生英语必读10篇短文
1.Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldiers,whereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenleg,orlaunchedaseaworthyboat,orcalculatedthelengthoftheyear,ormanured(施肥)afield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthem,somuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyare,buttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages(野蛮人);hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgood,butitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently---this,afterall,iswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone---isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskilling,andcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheotherside,andthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Anditnotonlyhaswon,but,becauseithaswon,hasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistory,inwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledordisabled.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets---while,thatistosay,wehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife---nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyet,andstillbehavelikesavages.
2.Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury,wheatwasseenastheverylifebloodofWesternCanada.Whenthecropsweregood,theeconomyoncitystreetswatchedtheyieldsandthepriceofwheatwithalmostasmuchfellingasiftheyweregrowers.Themarketingofwheatbecameanincreasinglyfavoritetopicofconversation.
Warsetthestageforthemostdramaticeventsinmarketingthewesterncrop.Foryears,farmersmistrustedspeculativegrainsellingascarriedonthroughtheWinnipegGrainExchange.Wheatpricesweregenerallylowintheautumn,butfarmerscouldnotwaitformarketstoimprove.Ithadhappenedtoooftenthattheysoldtheirwheatsoonafterharvestwhenfarmdebtswerecomingdue,onlytoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.Onvariousoccasions,producergroupsaskedforfarmercontrols,butgovernmentshadnowishtobecomeinvolved,atleastnotuntilwartimewheatpricesthreatenedtorunwild.
Anxioustocheckinflationandrisinglivingcosts,thefederalgovernmentappointedaboardofgrainsupervisorstohandledeliveriesfromthecropsof1917and1918.GrainExchangetradingwassuspended,andfarmerssoldatpricesfixedbytheboard.Tohandlethecropof1919,thegovernmentappointedthefirstCanadianWheatBoard,withfullauthoritytobuy,sellandsetprices
3.Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterials,partssupplies,fuel,andelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.Whencomputedinthismanner,thevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’scontributiontothenationaleconomy.Itisamorerealisticindex,ofcourse,thangrosssales,afigurethatismisleadingbecauseittellsnothingaboutproductioncostsandwhetherthemanufacturingfirmisoperatingataprofitorataloss.
Ineducationthereisnowaspiritedquarrelastowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost appropriateforcollegegraduatesisevidentlyreflectedinthesalariestheycancommandupon receiptofacollegedegree.Engineers,accountants,andcomputerspecialistscommandimpressive salariesupongraduationandbyimplication,theremustbeanappreciablevalueaddedtotheirmarketabilitybytheeducationandtrainingtheyreceivedincollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely, however,themissingfactorisobviouslythedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilitiespriortotheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafterearningacollegedegree.Inbrief,howmuchdoesthestudentbenefitfromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
4.Today,therearemanyavenuesopentothosewhowishtocontinuetheireducation.However,nearlyallrequiresomebreakinone‘scareerinordertoattendschoolfulltime.Part-timeeducation,thatis,attendingschoolatnightorforoneweekendamonth,tendstodragtheprocessoutovertimeandputsthecompletionofadegreeprogramoutofreachofmanypeople.Additionally,suchprogramsrequireafixedtimecommitmentwhichcanalsoimpactnegativelyonone’scareerandfamilytime.Ofthemanyapproachestoteachingandlearning,however,perhapsthemostflexibleandaccommodatingisthatcalleddistancelearning.Distancelearningisaneducationalmethod,whichallowsthestudentstheflexibilitytostudyathisorherownpacetoachievetheacademicgoals,whicharesonecessaryintoday‘sworld.Thetimerequiredtostudymanybesetasideatthestudent’sconveniencewithdueregardtoalllife‘sotherrequirements.Additionally,thestudentmayenrollindistancelearningcoursesfromvirtuallyanyplaceintheworld,whilecontinuingtopursuetheirchosencareer.Tutorialassistancemaybeavailableviaregularairmail,telephone,facsimilemachine,teleconferencingandovertheInternet.Gooddistancelearningprogramsarecharacterizedbytheinclusionofasubjectevaluationtoolwitheverysubject.Thisprecludestherequirementforastudenttotravelawayfromhometotakeatest.
Anothercharacteristicofagooddistance-learningprogramistheequivalenceofthedistance-learningcoursewiththesamesubjectmaterialsasthosestudentstakingthecourseonthehomecampus.Theresultantdiplomaordegreeshouldalsobethesamewhetherdistancelearningoron-campusstudyisemployed.Theindividualityoftheprofessor/studentrelationshipisanothercharacteristicofagooddistance-learningprogram.Inthefinalanalysis,agooddistancelearningprogramhasaplacenotonlyfortheindividualstudentsbutalsothecorporationorbusinessthatwantstoworkinpartnershipwiththeiremployeesfortheeducationalbenefit,professionaldevelopment,andbusinessgrowthoftheorganization.Sponsoringdistancelearningprogramsfortheiremployeesgivesthebusinesstheadvantageofretainingcareer-mindedpeoplewhilecontributingtotheirpersonalandprofessionalgrowththrougheducation.
5.Itwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards.Ifastudentgoestouniversitytoacquireabroaderperspectiveoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,hewillundoubtedlybenefit.Schooloftenhavetoorestrictinganatmospherewithitstimetablesanddisciplinestoallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.Studentsshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlifetheydonotlookbackandsay“Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchitect.IfIhadn’ttakenadegreeinmodernlanguages,Ishouldnothaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit’ssolatethatIcouldn’tpossiblygobackandstartalloveragain.”thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone’stimeatuniversity.Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.HeisimmediatelyacceptedbytheUniversityofhisChoice,andspendhisthreeorfouryearsbecomingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classhonordegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattheoutsideoftheworldisallabout.itthereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthatifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobeverymuchdetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthismediancanwebesurethatwearenottohave.Ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingwithoutoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,andeverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectforwhichthereislittleornorequirementintheworkingworld.
6.Howshouldgiftedchildrenbeidentified?
Parentsmaynotbeabletoidentifygiftedchildren;theydonothavesufficientbasisforcomparison.Theirobservationsmaybedistortedbytheirambi-tions.However,theymaybeabletofurnishdetailsaboutthechild‘searlydevelopmentthatIndicatetothediscerningteacherorpsychologistthepresenceofsuperiorability.
TeacherswhoarefamiliarwiththecharacteristicsofgiftedchildrenandwhohaveachancetoobservechildrenInanInformalandchallengingenvironmentcangiveevidencethatIsvaluableInidentifyingthegifted.Teachershavedallyopportunitytoobservehowskillfullychildrenuselanguage,howquicklytheyseerelatlons,howsensitivetheyaretothingsIntheirnvironment,howreadilytheylearn,howeasilytheyremember.Moreover,giftedchildrenusuallyshowoutstandingresourcefulnessandimagination,sustainedattention,andwideInterests.
ClassroomandplaygroundalsoofferopportunitiestoidentifychildrenwhogetalongexceptionallyWellWithothersandhandlefrustratingsituationsw
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