10Canada Becomes a NationWord文档格式.docx
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10Canada Becomes a NationWord文档格式.docx
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Britainrepealed(废除,撤销)theCornLawsandNavigationsActs,whichhadbeeneconomicallybeneficialtothecoloniesatthesamerateitappliedtoallothertradingcountries,asituationtowhichthecolonieshadneverbeenaccustomed.
From1861to1864,Americanswereinvolvedinamajorcivilwar.BritainhadtraditionaleconomictieswiththesouthernpartoftheUnitedStatesthatprovidedcottontoBritishmarkets.Inthemeantime,sincethewarwasessentiallybetweentheNorthandtheSouth,theNorthresentedBritain’sconnectionwiththeSouth.Inaddition,duringthelastyear(1864)oftheAmericanCivilWar,theAmericanGovernmentofthedominantandultimatelyvictoriousNorth,refusedtorenewaten-yearfreetradeagreementwithUnitedCanada,thelargeBritishcolonyinthecentralpartofBritishNorthAmerica.Thesearbitraryeventsbroughtconcernandevenfeartothesecolonies.Withthelossoftraditionaltradingarrangementsandtheendofthecivilwar,theNorthbeingvictorious,thecolonistsfearedthattheAmericansmightturnontheBritishcoloniesinretaliation(报复,报仇)forBritain’smoralsupportfortheSouth.
Theneedfornewmarkets,andasoliddefensesystemfrompotentialinvasionbytheUnitedStates,broughtanacuteawarenesstothesediversecoloniesthattheyshouldlooktoeachotherforresolutionstotheseproblems.Theyfeltuneasytryingtocopeagainsttheseadversities(逆境,苦难)ontheirown.SirJohnA.MacdonaldfromUnitedCanada,thedominantpersonalityatthistime,alsosawtheaccelerationofAmericansettlersmovingnorthandspreadingthroughouttheflatprairie(大草原)landstothewest.Thiswouldpotentially(潜在的)putawallbetweenthecoloniesintheEastandthelonelywesternBritishcolonyinwhatistodaypartofBritishColumbiaonthewestcoastofNorthAmerica.Macdonaldfeltthatthesituationwasurgent.
Inthesummerof1864,themaritimecoloniesofNovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,andNewfoundlandscheduledameetingtodiscussthepossibilityofacustomsunionorfreetradeareatocompensateforthelatestsetbacks(挫折,失败)intraderelationswithBritainandtheUnitedStates.MacdonaldmanagedtogetpermissionforsomedelegatesfromUnitedCanadatoattendasobservers.Foranumberofyears,UnitedCanadawasexperiencingproblemsofpoliticaldeadlock(僵局).CanadaWestwaspredominantly(主要地)English-speakingCanadaEastwaspredominantlyFrench-speaking.Acentralgovernment,setupin1841,requiredamajorityfrombothCanadaWestandCanadaEastforalllegislationtobecomelaw.Itwasverydifficulttopasssignificantlegislationwhentwoopposingviewswereconstantlybeingdebatedandlegislativebillswereconstantlybeingdefeated.TheCanadianssawanew,widerunion,apotentialnewnationalinstitutionorcentralgovernment,asapossiblesolutionforbreakingoutofthisconstantpoliticaldisorder.
TheCanadiandelegatessailedonboardacruiseshipdowntheSt.LawrenceRiver,intotheGulfofSt.Lawrence,toCharlottetownonPrinceEdwardIsland.ThisconventionexpandedtodiscussionsofthepossibilityofalltheBritishcoloniesunitingintoonenation.
AftermuchcomplicateddebateatanotherconventioninQuebecCitythatsameyear,thedelegatesubmittedadraftofanagreementfortheformationofthedominionofCanada.Thebulkoftheworkhadbeendonebyagroupofmenofseeminglyhighvirtue,whobecameknowinhistoryas“theFathersofConfederation(联邦)”.UnitedCanadawasdividedintotheprovincesofOntarioandQuebec.SomeallowancesweregiventoQuebecbecauseitwasapredominantlyFrench-speakingCatholicprovinceandhadspecialneeds,unlikeotherprovinces.ThecolonyofNovaScotiawasdividedintoNovaScotiaandNewBrunswick.Thesefourprovincesformedtheoriginalnewnation.Aflexibleapproach,inlateryears,persuadedothercoloniestojoin.
Afederalsystem,withpowersdistributedbetweenthecentralandprovincialgovernments,wascreated.Theprovinceswereassignedpowerstohavetheirowngovernmentstodealwithmorelocalorprovincialissues,thefederalsystemwouldpromoteharmonyamongprovinces,withdifferentperspectivesonnationhood.Thiswasacompromise,sothatthebiggerprovincesofOntarioandQuebecwouldn’tcompletelydominatethesmallerprovinces.ThecountrywastobecalledtheDominionofCanada,butwouldstillremainloyaltoBritainasamemberoftheBritishEmpire.
ThenewlegislationthatcreatedCanadawasaBritishactofParliamentcalled“TheBritishNorthAmericaActsof1867”.CanadaofficiallybecameanationonJuly1st,1867.Thiswouldbetheanniversaryoccasioneachyear,forjoyouscelebrationofanationalholidaycommemoration(纪念,庆祝)thebirthofCanada.
Thedevelopmentofthecountry,asweknowittoday,wasanevolutionary(进化的,演变的)processovermorethaneightdecades.ManitobabecameaprovinceaftersomecontroversialeventsinvolvingthefederalgovernmentandtheMetis,French-speakingdescendantsofFrenchfurtraderswhomarriedAmericanIndiangirls.Thisethnic(人种的,种族的)groupsettlednearFortGary,thecityofWinnipeg,Manitobawhatiscalledtoday.
JohnA.Macdonald,thenewandfirstPrimeMinisterofthenewnation,madeadealwiththewestern-mostcolonyinVancouverguaranteeingonthebuildingofarailroadfromtheeasttothewestifthatcolonywouldjoinCanadianConfederation.ThepropertyoftheMetis,towhichtheletterfeltlegallyentitled,wasinthepathofthenewrailway.Thefederalgovernmentessentiallytooktheland.TheMetiswerecompelledtomovefurtherwest,butnotwithoutafight.(TheMetisandthefederalgovernmentwereonaninevitable(无法避免的)collisioncourse.Twice,Metisrevoltsrestedthemight(权力,威力)ofthefederalgovernmentandrelationshipbetweenFrench-andEnglish-speakinginCanada).ThefederalgovernmentwasabletodefeattheMetisinbothclashes.LouisRiel,theleaderoftheMetiswashangedfortreason(叛国,谋反)in1885forhisleadingroleinresistingthefederalgovernment.HebecameamartyrtoFrench-Canadians.Hisdeathonlyaddedfueltothegrowingdiscontent(不满意)betweenFrenchandEnglishCanada.
Throughoutthiswholeperiod,1869to1885,thefederal(orcentral)governmentignoredtheappealsoftheMetis.Itappearedthat,accordingtoMacdonaldandhisfollowers,thecreationofthenewnationwasmoreimportantthanrelievingtheplight(困境)ofarelativelysmallminoritygroup.TheMetisprobablydeservedmuchbetterofthefederalgovernment.DifferentversionsoftheseeventsarestilldebatedinCanadianclassroomstoday.
Macdonaldwasalsocriticizedforconcealingthefactthathetooksomemoneyillegallytocompletetherailway.In1873as“ThePacificScandal”becameknown,theconstructionoftherailwaysuspendedtemporarily.ThedeterminedMacdonaldandhisgovernment,obsessed(担心,困扰)bythepossibilityoftheAmericansmovinginandtakingoverthewest,boldlypushedrailwayconstructiontocompletion.
Manitobabecameaprovincein1870,BritishColumbiain1871,PrinceEdwardIslandin1873,AlbertaandSaskatchewanin1905.TheadmissionofNewfoundlandintoConfederationin1948completedtheCanadianConfederationoftenprovincesfromseatosea,astheyexisttoday.Therailway,theCanadianPacificRailway(CPR)wascompletedbeforetheagreeddeadline.
Canada’sbecominganationwasnotaneasyroad.Canada’sremaininganationhasperhapsbeenanevenharderroad.Thereweremanychallengesfacingitoverthefirstonehundredormoreyears.Themostseriouschallengehasbeen,andstillis,stayingtogetherasacountry.RelationsbetweenFrench-speakingandEnglish-speakingCanadahavebeendifficulttoimprove.Thispersistent(持续存在的)themeinCanadianhistorybeganwiththedefeatofNewFrancebyBritainduringtheSevenYearsWarfrom1756to1763(ortheFrench-IndianWar,asitwasknowninNorthAmerica).Inthelasttwentyyears,referenda(普通投票)heldinQuebecforpossibleseparationfromCanada,werenarrowlydefeated.Thischallengestillliesahead.
Sofar,thecountryhasremainedstrong,andhastraditionallyplayedasignificantroleininternationalaffairs.Canadahasmuchpromiseforthe21stcentury.Itwillneedtofindcreativediplomaticstrategiestokeeptheinternalrumblings(摩擦声,隆隆声)beneaththesurfacefromexplodingintoself-destruction.Itwillneedtofindawaytofulfillthedreamsof“theFathersofConfederation”ofsomanyyearsago.AgoodguessisthattheoddsareinfavorofCanadaachievingthosedreamsandtrulybecomingthenationthatwasoriginallyintended.
加拿大建国
在1867年加拿大成为一个国家之前,组成现在的加拿大的北美地区,辽阔宽广,到处是分散的英国人和法国人的移民社区。
这片土地景色多变,很自然观地将其与美国的北方分辨开来。
这些社区之间很少有政治或经济上的联系。
传统上,这些英属的北美殖民地与英国和美国进行贸易,而相互之间却少有往来。
这些殖民地甚至还没有关税,在一定程度上限制贸易往来。
19世纪中期发生的几件重大事件,使情况有了变化。
英国撕毁了给好几代殖民地人带来经济利益的谷物法和航行法案,并开始对殖民地课以与其他所有贸易国家同样高的税率,这是殖民地从未遇到过的情况。
1861到1864年,美国陷入全面内战。
过去是美国南方为英国市场提供棉花,英国与之有着紧密的传统经济联系。
在此期间,由于这实际上是一场南北方之间的战争,北方当然不满英国与南方之间的这种传统关系。
此外,在美国内战的最后一年(1864年),占据优势并最终获胜的北方的美国政府,拒绝延续与联合加拿大——英属北美中部最大的英国殖民地——签订的十年自由贸易协议。
这些独断专横的事件带给这些殖民地的是担忧甚至是恐惧。
传统贸易协议的废除和以北方作为胜利者的内战的结束,使殖民者们害怕美国人可能会转而对付英属殖民地,以报复英国对南方的道义支持。
对新市场的需求,以及为了建立对付美
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