李静论文最终稿打印稿完结版.docx
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李静论文最终稿打印稿完结版
河南科技学院新科学院
2013届本科毕业论文
TheRoleofMetaphorinEnglishEuphemism
隐喻在英语委婉语中的作用
学生姓名:
李静
所在系别:
外国语言文学系
所学专业:
英语
导师姓名:
赵亚丽(助教)
完成时间:
2013年4月
TheRoleofMetaphorinEnglishEuphemism
LiJing
XinkeCollegeofHenanInstituteofScienceandTechnology
April,2013
Contents
Acknowledgmentsi
Abstractii
摘要iii
I.Introduction1
II.OverviewofMetaphor2
2.1LiteratureReviewofMetaphor2
2.2MetaphoricalDevelopmentProcessandItsMeaning3
2.3ClassificationofMetaphor4
III.OverviewofEuphemism7
3.1TheDefinitionandClassificationofEuphemism7
3.2EuphemismConstitution8
IV.MetaphorandEuphemism9
4.1TheEssenceofMetaphorandEuphemism9
4.1.1TheEssenceofMetaphor9
4.1.2TheEssenceofEuphemism10
4.2ThinkingProcessandDevelopmentHistoryofMetaphorTheory10
4.3TheMetaphorFormationMechanismofEuphemism11
4.4TheApplicationofSyntaxMetaphorinEuphemism12
V.TheRoleofMetaphorinEnglishEuphemism14
5.1TheMetaphorEndowstheEuphemismsCreativeExpressionMeaning14
5.2TheMetaphorMakesEuphemismMoreMeaningful16
5.3MetaphorisHelpfultoImproveEnglishEuphemismPresentationSkills
17
VI.Conclusion18
Bibliography19
Acknowledgments
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessorZhaoYali,mysupervisor,forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second,mythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Withoutthecomfortofthem,Icouldnothavecompletedthepaperinthebusytime.
Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.
Abstract
Inmodernsocialcommunication,peoplewanttofindanappropriatewayofexpression.Thetwosidesnotonlycansuccessfullycompletethecommunication,butalsotheybothfeelpleasantinthecommunication,thuscompletingtheidealcommunicativetasks.Euphemismistheappropriateexpressiontoachievetheidealcommunicative.However,metaphorineuphemismcannotbeignored.Therefore,inthispaper,wemainlypointoutthedefinitionofmetaphorandeuphemism,aswellasthedevelopmentprocess,realtermsandbothcategories.Byinstructingthethinkingwayofmetaphortheory,creativeinterpretationandspecialeffects,aswellasmetaphorsintheEnglisheuphemism,wediscusstheroleofmetaphorinEnglisheuphemism.
Keywords:
metaphor;euphemism;role;
摘要
在现代社会交际中,人们希望找到一种合适的表达方式,既使双方能够顺利完成交际,又使双方感到此次交际是愉快的,从而完成理想的交际任务,委婉用语就是实现这一理想交际的合适的表达方式。
而隐喻在委婉语中的作用是不可忽视的。
因此,在本文中主要说明了隐喻和委婉语的定义,两者的发展过程,实质和分类。
通过表述隐喻理论的思维方式,创造性释义和特殊的功效,以及介绍隐喻在英语委婉语中的应用,来论述隐喻在英语委婉语中的作用。
关键词:
隐喻;英语委婉语;作用
I.Introduction
Asweallknow,metaphorisarhetoricalmethod,justlikesimile,synecdoche.Theaptmetaphorcanbringunexpectedaestheticeffect.Withmanyschoolsofdivergentviews,theinterpretationofmetaphortheoryisshowingprosperity,butinthefinalanalysis,themostfundamentalandimportantissuesisthatthewayofthinkingandcreativitybothinmetaphorhaveaprofoundimpactonhumanlanguage,knowledgeandexperience.Besides,euphemismisacommonlinguisticphenomenon.Itiswidelyusedinpeople'sdailysocialactivities,andisoneoftheimportantmeansoflanguageinpeople’sinterpersonalcommunication.Sinceeuphemismappeared,ithastheimportanttaskoffunction:
"taboo","courtesy",and"coverup".Peopleusuallyavoidusingthelanguagewhichcausestounhappyrelationswitheachother.Theyoftenusetheeuphemismtoexpresstheirwishes,requestsorsuggestionspolitely.Thisshowsthattheusingofeuphemismscanhelpimprovingthecommunicativeeffectandmaintainingharmoniousinterpersonalrelationships.
Euphemismisa"lubricant"inverbalcommunication.Euphemismexistsinvariouslanguages.EnglisheuphemismhascausedEasternandWesternscholars’widespreadconcern,anditsresearchhasgainedfruitfulresultsathomeandabroad.Butthetraditionaleuphemismismainlyconfinedtothelevelofvocabularystructuresurface.Contemporarylinguisticsmainlyresearchestheeuphemismfromcognitivelinguistics,pragmaticscience,adaptationtheory,sociolinguistics,interculturalcommunication.However,metaphorandeuphemismhaveacloserelationship.Metaphorisacommonmeanstoachieveeuphemismeffect.
Inthispaper,first,describethemetaphor’sdefinition,developmentprocessanditsclassification;second,introduceeuphemism,includingitsdefinition,classificationanditsconstitution;third,introducetheessenceofmetaphorandeuphemism,thinkingprocessanddevelopmenthistoryofmetaphortheory,themetaphorformationmechanismofeuphemism,theapplicationofsyntaxmetaphorineuphemism.Finally,throughtheintroductionoftheabovethreeparts,fromthelinkbetweenthemetaphorandeuphemism,wecanunderstandtheroleofmetaphorinEnglisheuphemism.Themetaphorendowstheeuphemismscreativeexpressionmeaning,andthemetaphoreffectmakeseuphemismmoremeaningful.ItisalsohelpfultoimprovetheunderstandingofEnglisheuphemismandpresentationskills.
II.OverviewofMetaphor
2.1LiteratureReviewofMetaphor
ThemetaphorresearchinWesternshowsamulti-angle,multi-fieldcrossintertwined,andpavilionssituation.TheancientGreekphilosopherAristotleisnotonlyresearchmetaphoricalrhetoric,butalsostudythecognitivefunction,thoughhedosenotexplicitlyraisetheterminologyBale.Sincethe20thcentury,withtherisingofcognitivelinguistics,metaphorrisestothefieldofthinking,hasbeenwidelyrecognizedandattachedgreatimportancewithitscognitivefunctionanditsroleinpromotinghumanthinking.Richardsdiscussesmetaphoricelements,characteristics,andexplorestheCognitiveFunctionofMetaphorfirstly(1936).Blackcomesupwiththeviewofmetaphorscreatesimilarity,thatissometimesonlyaftermetaphor,somethingnewmayappearinthebrainsofpeopleaboutthebodyandVehiclesSpecialContact(1963).AmericanlinguistLakoffandJohnsonstressedthat,metaphorsaboundineverydaylife,theconventionalthinkingandactionconceptofthenatureofthesystemisbasedonthemetaphor.Themetaphorisanindispensablecognitivetoolthathumansusedtoorganizetheconceptualsystem,themeanstounderstandthings(1980).Metaphorbringshumanbeingsanewmethodofobservingtheworldandlookatthingsinanewperspective,awaytothepathofthetruth.Metaphorcancreatenewmeaningandexpressionofnewideas.PeterNewmarkdividesthemetaphorintosixcategories:
deadmetaphor;tritemetaphor;commonmetaphor;metaphorforchange;recentlyformedmetaphorsandnovelmetaphors(1988).
Inourcountry,metaphorfirstappearsin"TheBookofSongs".TheMozifirstgivesmetaphordefinitionthatitisgivenbytheBsubstancetoknowasubstance.Andmetaphorisbyanalogytohaveaclearunderstandingofamaterial.QinDynastyscholarsresearchonhowtoapplythemetaphortoachievepersuasionandcommunicationpurposes.Sincethe1990s,Chinesescholarshaveresearchedonthemetaphorofthegradualdeepeningofresearchvision,richincontent,achievementsoneafteranother.ShuDingfangexploresthemodernmetaphorscienceresearchgoals,methodsandtasks(1996).DouDongyouelaboratesanddemonstratesthereasoninganddefaultofmetaphorsandtheirrelationshipisalsoontheelaborationanddemonstration(2005).Inhisview,thesimilarrelationshipbetweenMetaphorandbodyisthedefaultinmetaphorssentence.Metaphoricalargumentabandonsdifferences,justreapingsimilartogetfromhere.Nomatterhowmanydifferentpointstheydonotmatter,logicalreasoning’ssimilaritypoints.AnXiaojiehighlightsthatmetaphorplaysanimportantroleinthemetaphor,ifMetaphorappliesinappropriatecharacteristicsandpropertiesofthebodyarerenderingandoutstanding(2005).NieYanarguesthefourfunctionsofthemetaphor:
namelyisopeningupnewwaysofknowingtheworld,expandingthehorizonsofhumanunderstands,strengtheningthedepthofknowledgetocreatenewideas,providingcertificationtorevealtheaffair(2006).Hebelievesthatthespecificformofmetaphoricalthinkingistheassociationandimagination.Themetaphorisanimportantcognitiveway;thatis,theprojectedimageschemaofthingsBtoAthingsthroughconceptstransformingsemantictransferring,orsemanticmappingtoachievegrasp,ZhengHongrenexploresthemetaphorofspeechinthelanguageofthespecificuseandhepointsmetaphorisarts,andflowersinlanguagearts.
2.2MetaphoricalDevelopmentProcessandItsMeaning
Theword"Metaphor"inEnglishfollowstheGreekmetaphorandtheGreekwordisderivedfromMetameaningas"Overandbeyond"“carriesandloads".Itreferstosomesortofsomethingtransportedfromoneplacetoanotherplace,whichitdescribedisakindofthingofthedynamicprocess.Webster’sNEWWORLDDICTIONARYsays“afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother”Traditionalrhetoricmetaphoridentifieditasarhetoricalphenomenon,afterwatchingviewofeachwriters,IbelievethatitisanarrowlyimplicitmetaphorofrhetoricbythevehiclestoItalytransferofmeaningtoconveythetwowordsofsimilarcharacteristics,usuallytwowordsarefromdifferentsemanticdomain."TheappearanceofMetaphorhassubjectiveandobjectivefactors;sub
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