计算机导论讲义.docx
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计算机导论讲义.docx
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计算机导论讲义
1.INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,THEINTERNET,ANDYOU
1.
•Thepurposeofthisbookistohelpthestudentbecomecomputerliterate
•Competentincomputer–relatedskills
•Thegoalistobevaluableimmediatelytoapotentialemployer
•Chapteronegivesanoverviewofaninformationsystem
•Thissystemconsistsofthefollowing:
•People
•Procedures
•Software
•Hardware
•Data
4.
•Defineaninformationsystem
•Somestudentsmaythinkofasystemaspertainingtojustthehardware
•Remindthemthatamicrocomputerispartofaninformationsystem
•Tobecompetentenduser,onemustunderstandtheessentialsofIT
•NotethatITstandsforinformationtechnology
5.
•Peoplearethemostimportantpartofaninformationsystem
•Ourlivesaretouchedeverydaybycomputers
•Havestudentsgiveexamplesofhowtheyusecomputerapplicationsthroughouttheday
•Someexamplesare:
•instantmessaging
•Web-basedapplications
•personalwebsite
•virusprotection
•TVtunersandvideoclips
•digitalphotography
•music
•homenetworking
•spyware
•jobopportunities
6.
•Emphasizedifferencesbetweenapplicationandsystemssoftware
•Systemsoftware
•operatingsystem
•utilities
•devicedrivers
•Applicationsoftware
•generalpurpose
•specialpurpose
7.
•Softwareisanothernameforprograms
•Programsareinstructionsthattellthecomputerhowtoprocessdataintotheformyouwant
•Twomajorkindsofsoftware
•System
•Notasingleprogram
•acollectionofprograms
•Operatingsystems
•WindowsXP
•MacOSX
•Utilities
•Serviceprograms
•Performstasksrelatedtomanagingcomputerresources
•Devicedrivers
•Application
8.
•“End-user”software--peoplewhousemicrocomputerorhaveaccesstolargercomputers
•Nearlyeveryoneintoday’sworkforceandgeneralpublichaveaccess
•Thesepeopleentercommandsandtypicallyinteractwithapplicationprograms.
•Twomajorcategories
•General-purposeorbasicprograms;off-the-shelf
•Specialized-writtenforanorganization’sorbusinesstype’sspecificpurpose;speciallywritten
9.
•Examplesofhardware:
•Diskdrive,keyboard,printerandmodemaredifferenttypesofcomputerhardware
10.
•Therearefourtypesofcomputers
•Supercomputers
•Mainframecomputers
•Minicomputers
•Microcomputers
•desktop
•laptopornotebook
•tabletPC
•Handheldcomputers
•Palmcomputers
•Personadigitalassistants
11.
•AboveisanexampleofaCraysupercomputer,which,unliketheillustration,isalwaysinanairconditionedbox
•Thisisrequiredbecauseoftheheatgeneratedduringprocessing
•Amajorreasonforitsprocessingspeedisshortedconnectionwiresthroughouttheinterior
•Ofcourse,shorterwiresmeansfasterbytetransfertimes
•Supercomputersarethemostpowerfultypeofcomputer
•NASAusessupercomputerstotrackandcontrolspaceexploration
12.
•Mainframesoccupyspeciallywired,air-conditionedrooms
•Notaspowerfulassupercomputers
•Insurance,financialandequityindustries,aswellasgovernmentsallprocesslargeamountsofinformationonmainframes
13.
•Thesearerefrigeratorsizedmachines
•Productiondepartmentsuseminicomputerstomonitorcertainmanufacturingprocessesandassemblylineoperations
•Problemismostcurrentdesktopshavecapacityofmanyminicomputers.
14.
•Leasepowerfulcomputers,butmostwidelyused
•Fastestgrowingcomputer
•Havestudentsbegindiscussingthemicrocomputerandwirelessconnectivity
15.
•SystemUnit
•Memory
•CPU
•I/ODevices
•Monitors
•Printers
•SecondaryStorage
•Floppy
•Harddrive
•Opticaldisks
•MonitorsincludeLCDpanelsandtraditionalCRTs.Currenttrendsregardingmonitors;sizesdependinguponuseofsystem
•Communications
•Modems-equipmentthattranslatesdatafromtheCPUtoaformhumanscanunderstand
16.
•Usedtodescribefactsaboutsomething
•Containedinfilesfordocuments,worksheetsanddatabases
•Documentfiles-usuallycreatedbywordprocessors
•Worksheetfiles-electronicspreadsheets
•Databasefiles-electronicdatabasemanagementprograms
•PresentationFiles-electronicslidesshows
17.
•Connectivityisthecapabilityofyourmicrocomputertoshareinformationwithothercomputers
•Wireless/mobilecommunicationdevicesaremorepopularthanever
•Anetworkiscentraltotheconceptofconnectivity
•AskstudentsquestionsabouttheInternet.Herearesomefacts:
•NooneownstheInternet
•ThereisnoInternet,Inc.
•TheInternetisanetworkofnetworks
•TheWWWprovidesmultimediainterfacetoresourcesontheInternet
18.
•Usinginformationtechnologymeansbeingcomputercompetent
•TheInternetandtheWebarethetwomostimportanttechnologiesofthe21stcentury
•Softwarecannowdoextraordinarytasks
•Microcomputersaremorepowerful
•Societymustbecarefulaboutprotectingtheirprivacy
•Almostallorganizationsrelyoninformationsystems
2.THEINTERNET,THEWEB,ANDELECTRONICCOMMERCE
1.
•AskthestudentswhytheInternetisoftenreferredtoastheInformationSuperhighway
•CompetentendusersneedtobeawareoftheresourcesavailableontheInternetandtheWeb
•AskstudentstolisttheresourcestheyuseontheWeb
3.
•Mostdevelopednetworksystemcurrentlyinuse;connectspeopleallovertheworld
•Originallystartedin1969whenUSfundedaresearchproject(ARPANET).
•CERN–CenterforEuropeanNuclearResearch
•WorldWideWeb(Web)isapartoftheInternet–nottheInternet;introducedin1992byconsortiuminSwitzerland.
•Originallystartedasresearchandtext-basednetworktoexchangeresearchideasfromuniversitytouniversity
•Developedintoanetworkofnetworks
•Oneofthemostpowerfultoolsofthe21stcentury
4.
•MostcommonInternetapplications
•Communicating-sendinge-mailanddiscussiongroupparticipation
•Youcanchatlivewithothers
•Askstudentswhatchatsoftwaretheyuse
•Shopping-fastestgrowingapplications
•Searching-usingvirtuallibraries
•Entertainment–increaseduseofDVD;integrationofTVandPC
•Educationore-learning
•Youcantakeclassesonalmostanysubject
5.
•ThecommonwaytoaccesstheInternetisthroughaproviderorhostcomputer
•Providers-alreadyconnectedtotheInternet--furnishapathwayforotherusers
•Typicalprovidersinclude:
•Collegesanduniversities–usually“free”
•Internetserviceproviders(ISP)canbelocal(regional)ornational
•AskstudentstoidentifyvariousISPsusedintheirenvironment
•Typesofproviders
•National–likeAOL
•Regional–smallerservicearea
•Wireless
•notelephonelinesused
•provideconnectionthroughwirelessmodems
6.
•BrowsersallowyoutosearchorsurftheWeb
•NavigatesearchforinformationandcommunicateusingtheWeb
•UseURL(uniformresourcelocator)toconnecttootherresources
•TwopartstoURL:
protocol(usuallyhttp:
//);secondisdomainnameorserverwhereresourcelocated()
7.
•BrowserissoftwarethatallowsuserstonavigatetheWebandreadthemultimediaformattedpages
•ConnecttoWebsitesusingURLaddresses(uniformresourcelocator)
•DocumentissenttocomputerusuallycodedinHTML(hypertextmarkuplanguage)orsomevariation
•InterpretstheHTMLcodesdisplayingpage
•Maycontain
•Hyperlinks--allowuserstoquicklyconnecttootherpagesorWebsites
•Graphics
•Text
8.
•Webpagescontainlinkstoprogramscalledapplets
•ThesearespecialprogramswritteninaprogramminglanguagecalledJava
•Theseprogramscanbequicklydownloadedandrunbymostbrowsers
9.
•CommunicationsisthemostpopularInternetactivity
•Typesofcommunications:
•E-mailorelectronicmail
•TransmissionofelectronicmessagesovertheInternet
•Hasthreebasicparts:
header,message,andsignature
•Header
•Address
•Subject–veryimportanttoincludethisinamessage
•Attachments
•Spam–unsolicitede-mail
•Distraction
•Nuisance
•Discussiongroups
•Participateinforumsanddebates
•Includesmailinglists,newsgroups,chatgroups,andinstantmessaging
•Mailinglists–messageissenttoalistofaddresses
•Newsgroups–usesaspecialnetworkcalledUseNet
•Chat-allowsdirect,livecommunications
•IRC–InternetRelayChatisaverypopularchatservice
•IM–instantmessaging
•cansendmessagesbackandforthinrealtime
•Lurking-thisisatechniqueyoucanusebeforeyouparticipateinadiscussiongroup
•Youobserveanddon'tresponduntilyoufeelmorecomfortablewiththegroup
•Discussiongroups
10.
•ThemostcommonInternetactivity
•WithInternetaccessandane-mailprogram,onecanreachanybodyintheworldsimilarlyequipped
•Ane-mailmessagehasthreebasicelements
•Header-subject,addressandattachments
•Message
•Signature
•Internetaddressesusethedomainnamesystem.
•PersonalInformationManagers–helpsinorganizationandcommunicationwithothers
•ElectronicDaytimersplusabilitytocommunicatethroughInternet
11.
•Internetusesthedomainnamesystem(DNS),whichgivesnamesandnumberstopeopleandcomputers
•Addresshasthreeparts
•Username-identifiesuniqueuserorcomputerinthedomain
•Domainname-referencesaspecificorganization
•Domaincode-geographicallocationororganizationalidentification
•Domainidentification=.com=commercial
•=.edu=educationandresearch
•=.org=organizations(usuallynon-profit)
•=.net=majornetworkcenters(usuallyeasiertoaccessthancommercial)
•=.gov=government
12.
•Mailinglistssende-mailtoallmembers.
•Signup
•Messagessent
•Unsubscribe
•NewsgroupsusetheUsenet.
•Mo
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