沟通英语第2版听力文本.docx
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沟通英语第2版听力文本.docx
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UnitOneListeningTask
ConversationalSkills:
HowtoBeaGoodConversationalist
Haveyouwishedyouwerebetteratmakingaconversation?
Agreatconversationalistissomeonewhoconnectswithpeopleandmakesthemfeelimportant.Whentheytalktoyou,theymakeyoufeellikeyou'retheonlypersonintheroom.
Becomingagoodconversationalistrequiresknowingthreethings:
first,howtostartaconversation;second,howtokeepitgoing;andthird,howtoendit.
Startingaconversationusuallymeanscomingupwithanopeninglineoricebreaker.Thebestkindoficebreakerisonethat'spositive.Thelastthingpeoplewanttohearfromastrangerishownoisythepartyis,howawfulthefoodis,orhowuglythepeoplearedressed.
Acomplimentisalwaysagoodicebreakerandwillusuallybeappreciated.Anynewseventisagoodicebreaker.Iencourageallofyoutoreadthenewspaperbecauseit'ssoimportanttoknowwhat'sgoingonintheworld.Thefactis,anyopeninglinewilldo,aslongasit'snotnegative,andaslongasit'snotalie.Thebestwaytoenticeapersontohaveaconversationwithyouisbybeingsincereandrespectful,andlettingthemknowthatyouareinterestedintalkingtothem.
Onceyou'vegotaconversationgoing,thebestwaytokeepitgoingisbyaskingtheotherpersonquestionsthatdon'trequirejustayesornoanswerorquestionswhichshowgenuineinterestonyourpart.Forexample,ifsomeonesays,"I'mfromMiami,"youmayrespondwith,"Oh,I'vebeentoMiami!
"andcontinuewith,"Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?
"Then,"Iwasbornthere,andI'velivedthereallmylife."Youmightsay,"I'venevermetanyonewhoisaFloridanative.IsyourfamilyfromMiamiaswell?
"
Youkeepaskingquestionsbasedonthelastthingapersonsays.Thisiscalledthe"elaborationtechnique."Choosequestionsthatwillgettheotherpersontoelaborateonwhatthey'resaying.Askquestionssimilartothoseareportermightasktodrawapersonout:
who,what,when,where,andwhyquestions.
Onceyouhitonsomethingyoufindinteresting,keepaskingquestionsinordertogetthepersontoelaborateaboutthetopicasmuchaspossible.Agoodconversationalistelaboratesontheexperiencesthey'vehad.Insteadofsayingthepartywasfun,tellwhyitwasfun.Describewhyyouhadagoodtime--whowasthere,whathappened,whereitwas,andhowpeoplearrangedtheparty.Gointodetail.Descriptionisthebestformofcommunicationbecauseitkeepspeople'sinterestupandstimulatesthem.Usewordstocreateimagesandpaintpicturessothattheotherpersoncangetavisualaswellasanauditoryimageofwhatyou'redescribingtothem.Ifyouusethedescriptioneffectively,youcanmakethepersonfeelasthoughtheywereactuallythere.
Inordertokeepaconversationgoing,thereareseventipsthatcanhelpyoubeanex-cellentcommunicator:
One,beawareofyourownbodyandfaciallanguage.Makegoodfacialcontactwhenyouspeak,andbephysicallyexpressivewithoutbeingexcessive.
Two,don'tgossip.Youruntheriskofoffendingthepersonyou'retalkingto.Italsomakesyoulooksmall.
Three,cultivateawiderangeoftopics.
Four,haveasenseofhumor.Everyoneenjoysahumorousstoryorjoke.Sexualandethnichumor,however,arenotworththeeffectsthatthejokesmayhaveonyourtotalim-
age.Peoplemaybeoffended,whichmayinturnreflectpoorjudgmentonyourpartandmayencouragethemtothinklessofyou.
Five,don'tinterrupt.Peoplehatebeinginterrupted.Fighttheimpulsetointerruptandgivethepersonyou'retalkingtothetimetheyneedtocompletewhatthey'resayingtoyou.
Six,beenthusiasticandupbeat(cheerful).Don'tbeafraidtoshowenthusiasm.Ital-lowstheotherpersontofeelthatyou'reinterestedinwhatthey'resayingtoyou.
Seven,beflexibleinyourpointofview.Trytobeasopenaspossible,andtrytoseethingsfromtheotherperson'spointofview.
Ifyoustartedaconversationwithanotherperson,andyou'rehavingdifficultyendingit,thereareseveralsignalsyoucansendtotheotherpersonthatwillbringtheconversa-tiontoitsclosewithouthurtinganyone'sfeelings.Breakingeyecontactis--discreetsignalthattheconversationisabouttoend..
Anotherwaytosignalistousetransitionwordslikewell,oratanyrate.Youmaywanttorecapallthatwassaid.Whateveryoudo,don'tlietotheotherperson.Ifyounotinterestedintalkingtothemagain,don'tmentionthepossibilityofafuturemeetingjusttobepolite.That'shypocritical.Instead,youmaywanttosay,"Nicemeetingyou.Andthen,leave.
Finally,besuretogivetheotherpersonagood,firmhandshake.Thefinalimpressionyoumakecanbejustanimportantastheinitialonesyoumade.
UnitTwoListeningTask
NonverbalCommunication:
ActionsSpeakLouderThanWords
Teacher:
Ok,class.OK...let'sbegin.Whatdowemeanwhenwesaythatactionsspeaklouderthanwords?
Student:
Uh...thatmeanswebelievepeople'sactionsmorethanwebelievetheirwords.Teacher:
Yes,exactlyright--and,uh,inasense,actionsaremoreimportantthanwords.
That'sbecauseweusuallyjudgespeakers'intentionsbythenonverbalsignalstheysendus.Andthat'swhatoursubjecttoday'sallabout,nonverbal
communication--.howwecommunicatethrough--ouractions--facialexpressions,eyecon-',tact,toneofvoice,uh,bodymovement,andsoon.Andifanyofyoudoubttheimportanceofthesethings,youmightliketoconsideracoupleofstatisticsI'vegothereinfrontofme.Somecommunicationspecialistsestimatewespendabout75percentofourwakinghourscommunicating.And,moretothepoint,wordsaccountforonly,mm,10to30percentofthatcommunication--thebulk'snonverbal.Thatisfoodforthought,uh?
Nowalthoughpeopleclearlyunderstanditsimportance,nonverbalcommunication.I'llcallitNVCforshort–isactuallyratherrecentfieldofstudy.NowalthoughtodayIwanttofocusonphysicalnonverbalcommunication-ohoftencalledbodylanguageorkinesics,that'sK-I-N-E-S-I-C-S--youshouldknowthatthereareothertypesofnonverbalcommunication.G..W.Porter,forexample,dividesnonverbalcommunicationintofourcategories,whichI'dliketolookatjustbriefly.There'sthePhysicalNVCIjustmentioned.Thatincludesfacialexpressions,toneofvoice,senseoftouchandsmell,andbodymovement.Secondly,.there'sAestheticNVC--that'sA-E-S-T-H-E-T-I-C,meaningrelatedtobeauty.AndAestheticNVCtakesplacethroughcreativeexpressions,likeplayinginstrumentalmusic,dancingorpainting,sculpting.Andwecertainlyknowthatwecancommunicatewithpeoplethroughcreativeexpressionslikethese.
Now,nextisSigns,whichisamechanicaltypeofcommunication.Now,itincludestheuseofthingslikesignalflagsusedatairports,thetwenty-onegunsaluteusedinthemilitary,andpolicesirensusedonpublicstreets.AndlastisSymbolicNVC,whichusesreligious,status,orego-buildingsymbols--youknow,thingslikewearingcrossesin.theChristianreligionorspecialpinstoshowmembershipinaparticularclub,likeafraternity.So,again,you'vegotphysical,aesthetic,signs,andsymbolicnonverbalcommunication,Gotthat?
Butlet’sgobacktoPorter'sfirsttype,PhysicalNVC,orbodylanguage..Um,it'sdividedintotwomaintypes---staticfeaturesanddynamicfeatures.Staticfeaturesincludedistance,orientation,posture,andphysicalcontact.Let’slookatdistancefirst.Thedistanceapersonstandsfromanotheroftensendsanonverbalmessage.Insomesituationsitsasignofattraction;inothersit'sareflectionofsocialstatus;inothersitshowstheintensityoftheexchange.Distancehastodowithpersonalspaceandwhataninvasionofsomeone'spersonalspacesignifies,whatitmeans.
Now,orientation'sdifferentfromdistanceandhastodowiththewaywepositionourselvesinrelationtoothers.Forexample,peoplecooperatingarelikelytositside-by-side,whilecompetitorsarelikelytositfacetoface...right?
Andposture'sdifferentagain;itconcernswhetherwereslouchedorwerestandingorsittingstraight.Youknow:
Areourlegscrossed,ourarmsfolded?
Thatsortofthing.Theseconveythelevelofformality,orrelaxationinthesamesituation.
Thencomesphysicalcontact,andherewe'retalkingabouttouching,holding,hug-
ging,andsoon.Theseconveyorshowmessages--particularlyhowintimatewefeel--andtheirmeaningcanvaryalotbetweencultures.Handstouchinginoneculturemaybeanactofgreatintimacy,whereasinanother...simplyasignoffriendship.
SothosearePorter'sstaticfeatures.Let'snowlookathisdynamicfeatures.Thesearebasicallythingslikefacialexpressions,gestures,eyecontact,anduh,bodymove-ments.Facialexpressions,then...thesecontinuallychangeduringaconversation,andparticipantsconstantlywatchandrespondtoeachother'sexpressions.Theseexpressionusuallycommunicatetheemotionsandattitudesofthespeaker.Insomecommunicationstudies,it'sbeenestimatedthatfacialexpressionsprovide55percentofthemeaningofamessage;vocalcues,suchas,pitchandvolume,provide38percent;andverbalcuesonly7percent.So,aperson'sexpressionsseemtobeabetterindicatorofhismeaningthanwords,whichplayaminimalpart.
OK,nowwherearewe?
Oh.We'relookingatPorter'sdynamicfeaturesofcommuni-cation.Nextwecometogestures.Youknow,oneofthemostimportantpartsofgestu-ring,handmovements,isoneofthoseleastunderstoodbyscientists.
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