Unit-1-Types-of-Sentences--句子类型.pptx
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Unit-1-Types-of-Sentences--句子类型.pptx
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ChapterI:
EnglishSentenceWriting,2018.09,Contents,ChapterIEnglishSentenceWritingChapterIIBasicRequirementsforEnglishParagraphWritingChapterIIIEnglishParagraphDevelopmentChapterVIEnglishEssayWritingandTypes,Chapter1EnglishSentenceWriting,Unit1:
TypesofEnglishsentences,Teachingobjectives,Identifydifferentclauseelementsinasentence;Identifydifferentbasicclausetypes;Expandorcombinesimplesentencesintocompound,complexorcompound-complexsentences.,WhytolearnEnglishwriting?
Readingmakesafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.FrancisBacon,Britishphilosopher阅读使人充实,讨论使人机敏,写作使人严谨。
英国哲学家F培根,Whatisasentence?
Asentenceisagroupofwordshavingasubjectandpredicateandgivingacompletethought.Acompletesentencehasasubjectandpredicate,andcanoftenbecomposedofmorethanoneclause.Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate(谓语)orfinite(限定)verb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicative(表语)orcomplement(补语).,Basiccharacteristicsofasentence,Whatarebasiccharacteristicsofasentence?
Usealoneinlanguagecommunication;Toexpressarelativelycompletemeaning;Ingeneral,verbsarethecore.Withoutverbs,sentencesarenotpossible;Capitalizeatthebeginningandendwithacertainpunctuationmark.,1.Accordingtogrammaticalstructure,Accordingtogrammaticalstructure,sentencesareclassifiedas:
(1)SimpleSentence
(2)CompoundSentence(3)ComplexSentence(4)Compound-ComplexSentence,simple,compound,complex,UnitI:
TypesofEnglishSentences,indicative(陈述),interrogative(疑问),imperative(祈使),explanative(感叹),loose,periodic,parallel,Structure,Function,Rhetoric,Length,short,long,Classification,
(1)SimpleSentences,Asentencethatcontainsonlyonesubjectandpredicateiscalledasimplesentence.Butsometimesasentencecancontaintwoormoreparallelsubjectsorpredicates,anditisstillasimplesentence.Themotherisdressingherbaby.Herspeechandperformancemovedtheaudience.Heisreadingandwritingatthesametime.MyfriendsandIoftenplaygolfandgobowlingonholidays.假日里我和朋友们经常去打高尔夫球和保龄球。
Howtowriteasimplesentence,1)Defineasimplesentence.Thesimplesentenceisthemostbasicofthesentences.Itincludesasubject,averb,anditexpressesacompletethought.Thisisknownasanindependentclause,becauseitcanstandonitsown.,Howtowriteasimplesentence,2)Makesimplesentencesabitmoreinformative.Youcanadddirectobjectsandindirectobjectstosimplesentencestoaddmoreinformation.Hereisanexample:
Janetwritesromancenovels.,Howtowriteasimplesentence,3)Trywritingasimplesentence.Whenyoubegintowriteyourownsimplesentence,beginwiththesubject.Thinkaboutwhatthesentenceisgoingtobeabout.Next,chooseyourverb.Todothis,thinkaboutwhatthesubjectofyoursentenceisdoing.Isthesubjectwalking,running,reading,sitting,cooking,orsomethingelse?
Howtowriteasimplesentence,4)Payattentiontosingularandpluralsubjectsandverbs.Whenchoosingyoursubjectandverb,makesurethatthetwowordsagreeinnumber.Theruleisthatasingularsubjectneedsasingularverb,andpluralsubjectsneedpluralverbs.
(1)Asingularsubjectandverblookslikethis:
Mysonisadoctor.
(2)Apluralsubjectandverblookslikethis:
Mysonsaredoctors.,
(2)Compoundsentences,Asentencethatcontainstwoormoresubject-predicatestructuresthatarenotsubjecttoeachotheriscalledaparallelsentence.Inthesense,eachclauseisequallyimportantandrelated;Inthegrammaticalstructure,theyareparallelandhavenoaffiliationwitheachother.,
(2)Compoundsentences,Examplesofcompoundsentences:
Loveandyoullbeloved.Bemodest,oryouwilllagbehind.Honestyisavirtuewhilegreedisanevil.Eitheryoumustimproveyourworkorweshalldismissyou.Pipisnotonlyateacher;healsotreatsuslikeafriend.,
(2)Compoundsentences,Iliketea,andhelikescoffee.Bequickoryouwillbelate.Frankwantedtogoswimming,butMarydecidedtogoshopping.JaneworksattheFamilyPlanningClinicandherhusbandSmithdoesresearchworkforthesameunit.Punctuationisimportant;therefore,dontforgettousecommabeforethecoordinatingconjunctioninacompoundsentence.标点很重要,所以不要忘记在并列句的并列连词前加逗号。
(2)Compoundsentences,Makesentenceswiththefollowingcoordinatingconjunction:
表递进关系:
and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,notbut选择关系:
or,eitheror,otherwise,whether.or转折对比关系:
but,yet,whereas,while,still因果关系:
so,for并列关系:
and,whenbothand,aswellas,besides,furthermore,moreover.,(3)Complexsentences,Asentenceconstructedbyamainclauseandatleastoneclauseiscalledacompoundsentence.Inacomplexsentence,themainsentenceisthemainpartoftheentiresentence.Theclauseisonlyonecomponentoftheentiresentenceandcannotexistindependently.Itissubordinatetothemainsentenceinthesyntacticrelationship.Theclausemustbeguidedbyanassociativewordtoindicatetherelationshipwiththemainsentence.,(3)Complexsentences,Complexsentencesconcludeattributiveclause,nounclauseandadverbialclause.ThenewhousewhichIhavejustboughtislocatedatthesuburb.WhatJKRowlingwroteistheHarryPotterseries.Hewasmakingaphonecallwhenshewasdoingpaperwork.BecauseIforgotthetime,Imissedtheplay.WhileSusanwaseatingthefish,shebegantofeelsick.,(3)Complexsentences,Examplesofcomplexsentences:
IcheckedmypaperagainbeforeIhandedittomyprofessor.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsyesterdaybecauseitwasraininghard.Theheavyrainstartedsuddenly,sowestoppedplantingourtrees.,(3)Complexsentences,Makesentenceswiththefollowingsubordinatingconjunction:
but,although,because,since,as,for,nowthat,so,sothat,sothat,suchthatif,unless,as/solongaswhen,while,after,before,until,assoonas,since,themoment,(4)compound-complexsentences,Examplesofcompound-complexsentences:
Whenthepowerlinesnapped(突然中断),Jackwaslisteningtothestereo,andLindawasreadinginbed.AfterIreturnedtoschoolfollowingalongillness,themathteachergavememake-upwork,butthehistoryteachermademedriphercourse.,2.Accordingtocommunicativefunction,Accordingtocommunicativefunction,sentencesareclassifiedas:
(1)DeclarativeSentence(陈述句):
makesanassertionorstatement;
(2)InterrogativeSentence(疑问句):
asksaquestion;(3)ImperativeSentence(祈使句):
expressesacommandorarequest;(4)ExclamatorySentence(感叹句):
expressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.,
(1)DeclarativeSentence(陈述句),BrowsingontheInternetismyfavoritepastime.Billsentoutmanyapplicationsforajob,buthasnotgotanyrepliesyet.Therearentasmanytreeshereasthereusedtobe.,
(2)InterrogativeSentence(疑问句),Isnttheneweditionofthisbookmoreexpensivethanitsoldedition?
WhatstodaysexchangerateforUSdollarsagainstJapaneseyen?
Isyourfavoritewinteroutdooractivityskiingorskating?
Theyoungstersvaluesarequitedifferentfromtheirparentsatpresent,arentthey?
(3)ImperativeSentence(祈使句),Besuretotakeyourpersonalbelongingsbeforegettingoffthetrain.Letsnotwasteourtimearguingaboutthecurrenttopic.Donthesitatetogivemeacallifyouhaveanyproblem.,(4)ExclamatorySentence(感叹句),Whatanapplethisis!
Whatkindwomentheyare!
Whataclevergirlsheis!
Whatafineday!
Howbeautifulthesceneryis!
Howinterestingastoryitis!
Howheworked!
Whataninterestingstoryitis!
=Howinterestingthestoryis!
Anexclamatorysentenceshouldbefollowedbyanexclamationmark.,(5)Questions,Intermsofsyntacticsntktk(句法的)structureandcommunicativefunction,questions(alsoknownas“interrogativesentences”)fallintofourmajortypes:
generalquestionsspecialquestionsalternativequestionstagquestions,(5)Questions,
(1)Generalquestions(yesornoquestions)askedforaffirmationornegation.Haveyoualreadyfinishedyourwork?
Haventyoufinishedyourworkyet?
(5)Questions,
(2)Specialquestions(wh-questions)A.FormationGenerallyintroducedbywh-wordssuchaswho,whose,which,where,what,when,why,how,etc.Specialquestionsmaybeinnormalorderorininvertedorder.e.g.:
Whophonedlastnight?
Whatdoesyourbrotherdo?
(5)Questions,B.Reinforcementa.toadd“ever”tothewh-word,e.g.:
Whoeverbrokethewindow?
b.tousesomeintensifyingexpressionssuchasonearth,thedevil,thehell,thegoodness,intheworld,inheavensname,etc.toconveyemotionalfeelingsofsurprise,indignation,etc,Whatonearthcoulditmean?
WherethedevildidIputmypen?
(5)Questions,(3)AlternativequestionsAnalternativequestionisonethatsuggeststwoormorepossibleanswersforthelistenertochoosefrom.Therearetwotypesofalternativequestion.Onetypeisbasedonthestructureofgeneralquestion;theotherisbasedonthatofspecialquestion,e.g.:
ShallIgiveyouagin,awhisky,orabeer?
Whatisthis,ignorance,ormalice(恶意),orboth?
(5)Questions,(4)TagquestionsTagquestionsareextensivelyusedinspokenlanguage.Atagquestiongenerallyconsistsoftwoparts:
statement+questiontag.Therearefourtypesoftagquestion:
(1)“positivestatement+negativetag”;
(2)“negativestatement+positivetag”;(3)“positivestatement+positivetag”,and(4)“negativestatement+negativetag”.,(5)Questions,Ofthesefourtypes,thefirsttwoarefarmorefrequentlyused,e.g.:
Thatclockisslow,isntit?
Thatclockisntslow,isit?
Thatclockisslow,isit?
Thatclockisntslow,isntit?
3.Fromarhetoricalpointofview,TherearealsothreekindsofsentencesinlearningEnglishfromarhetoricalpointofview,suchas:
(1)LooseSentence(松散句)
(2)PeriodicSentence(圆周句)(3)ParallelSentence(平行句),
(1)LooseSentence&PeriodicSentence,Whatisaloosesentence?
Aloosesentence(松散句)isacomplexsentenceinwhichthemainclausecomesfirstandthesubordinateclause
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- Unit Types of Sentences 句子 类型